TRANSPORTATION AND MARKETING 249 



west, joining Toledo, Ohio, with Frankfort on the 

 Lake Michigan shore in 1889. All these railroads 

 which had their terminus on the Lake Michigan 

 shore have established car ferries, thus opening up 

 through routes with railways in the Upper Peninsula 

 of Michigan, Wisconsin and Illinois. 



In the Upper Peninsula railroad construction had 

 its inception in the short line connecting the lake 

 port of Marquette with the iron mines about Ne- 

 gaunee and Ishpeming, which was opened in 1857. 

 Out of this as a nucleus has developed the present 

 Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic system, which 

 represents a series of consolidations such as are char- 

 acteristic of the larger Michigan railway companies. 

 One element in this "South Shore" system reached 

 L'Anse on Keweenaw Bay in 1872, while another 

 was projected easterly to the Straits in 1881. Eleven 

 years later the gap between L'Anse and the copper 

 country on the Keweenaw Peninsula was filled in, 

 connecting with the local lines there already estab- 

 lished. Then the line extended easterly to Sault 

 Ste. Marie, and westwardly to Duluth. Meanwhile, 

 one element in the line of the Chicago and North- 

 western had joined the ]\Iarquette iron range with 

 water transportation by way of Lake Michigan, when 

 Negaunee and Escanaba were connected in 1864; and 

 a direct route to Chicago was established when the 

 gap between Escanaba and Green Bay, Wisconsin, 

 was filled in in 1872. Tjater the Northwestern Line 

 reached out to the towns of the Menominee and 

 Gogebic iron ranges in the southwestern portion of 



