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by plantations. For this purpose can be chosen the Haleppo 

 pine, Cluster pine, Scotch fir, or our own less arboreous so- 

 called seashore teatrees (Melaleuca parviflora and Leptosper- 

 mum Isevigatum), further the drooping Sheoak (Casuarina 

 quadrivalvis), the coast Honeysuckle (Banksia integrifolia), and 

 also our desert cypress, or so-called Murray pine. As not 

 only in close vicinity to our fine city one wilderness of 

 shifting sand exists, but as also in other places of our shores 

 the sand is invading villages, towns and perhaps harbours, 

 and as, moreover, many a desert spot inland may be reclaimed, 

 I would remark, that to arrest the waves of the sand 

 some wickerwork or cover of brush is needed on the storm 

 side. Large seaweeds help to form such covering. Sods 

 of Mesembryanthemum, to which the unpoetic name of 

 " pigfaces " is here given, and which abounds on our coast, 

 should copiously be scattered over the sand ridges; wild 

 cabbage, celery, seakale, samphire, New Zealand spinach 

 (Tetragonia), chamomile and various clovers and broom 

 plants should be sown, and creeping sand-grass (Festuca 

 litoralis, Triticum junceum, Buffalo-grass, Agrostis stolonifera), 

 &c., should be planted, particularly also sand sedges and 

 sand rushes, among the best of which are Carex arenaria, 

 and here the Sword Rush (Lepidosperma gladiatum). Pso- 

 ralea pinnata and Rhus typhinum, Prurms maritima (the 

 Canadian sea-coast plum), Ailantus glandulosa, proved also 

 valuable in this respect. As eligible, I may add also the 

 native couchgrass (Cynodon Dactylon), the South African 

 Ehrharta gigantea, the European Psamma arenaria, Elymus 

 arenarius (or Lyme), even the live-oak (Quercus virens); as 

 also another American oak (Qaercus obtusiloba), and the 

 Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris), and perhaps Poplars, some 

 Willows, and among firs, the Pinus insignis, Pinus edulis, 

 P. rigida, P. Australis. The common Brake fern helps also 

 much to conquer the sand. The New Zealand flax covers 

 coast sand naturally, within the very exposure of the 

 spray.* It is needless to remark that exclusion of traffic from 

 the sand is imperative, as also security against ingress 

 of goats and domestic animals of any kind, otherwise 

 the effort is hopeless. Fencing of the area and stringent 



* Dr. Jam. Hector calculated that in New Zealand an acre of good 

 flax land contained about 100,000 leaves of the Phormium tenax, and 

 yields about ten tons weight of dry leaves; or if only the outer leaves 

 are taken, four tons. The yield of clean fibre is about 23/100 of the 

 green leaf. 



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