SYLVICULTURAL NOTES 149 



light-demanding, but will bear a fairly heavy shade when 

 young or as coppice. It requires a wet soil, but does not 

 do in stagnant water. It does well on fairly deep sandy 

 loams ; cold clays and dry sands are unsuitable. It is a good 

 tree for planting on low-lying wet places and along streams, 

 and it can often be grown with profit as coppice under ash or 

 poplar standards in wet places. It is a quick grower. It 

 produces plenty of seed and coppices well ; it also sends up 

 many suckers. It is not often grown in high forest, but when 

 so grown reaches maturity at about sixty years. In coppice 

 it can be cut at any age up to forty years. It does not suffer 

 to any great extent from insects or fungi. The chief dangers 

 to which it is exposed are frost-lifting shortly after being 

 planted, and drought. 



The White Alder (A Inns incana). 



Can bear a considerable amount of shade, and does well 

 on shallow poor soils, and even on dry ground. It may be 

 substituted for the common alder under these conditions. It 

 is a useful tree on an exposed spot as a shelter tree for a more 

 valuable species, which can be planted between the lines of 

 alder when the latter is large enough to give the required 

 shelter. It is also useful for covering spoil heaps from stone 

 quarries and other unsightly banks of poor soil. 



Ash (Fraxinus excelsior). 



A native of Great Britain and of Europe, it is found up to 

 an elevation of 1,350 feet in Yorkshire. It does not require 

 much heat, but is tender against late frosts, and a light shelter 

 is useful when "young. It does best in moist situations on 

 north and east aspects. It is storm firm. It is very light- 

 demanding in later life, but seedlings will stand a heavy shade 

 for a few years, and as coppice it stands light shade. It 

 prefers a fresh, deep, light, loamy soil, with some lime, and 

 plenty of humus, and grows well on the sides of ravines. 



It produces good crops of seed about every second year 



