THE ANIMATE ENEMIES OF THE FOREST. 75 



The larvae of insects do great damage to trees 

 by boring chambers, or tunnellings, either in 

 the heart-wood or in the layers of new wood 

 which lie directly under the bark. The destruc- 

 tive powers of such larvae are the more marked, 

 since they work silently and in the dark, and their 

 presence can scarcely be detected until they have 

 caused the death of the tree. 



A beetle known as the typographer (Bostrychus 

 typographicus\ from the shape of the galleries it 

 burrows out in the trees, causes much damage to 

 the forests, especially to the spruce-firs. Unfortu- 

 nately, these insects breed very rapidly, and while 

 in the larva state are capable of withstanding the 

 most severe frosts. 



Some species of willows are severely injured by 

 the larvae of a species of saw-fly, which strip the 

 leaves and injure the tree generally. 



Perhaps the best remedy for the ravages of 

 insects in general is to be found in the preserva- 

 tion of insectivorous birds. 



The most powerful enemy of the forest, how- 

 ever, is civilized man. The products of the forest 

 are clearly man's right by gift of nature. He is 

 lord of the forest as of the rest of the earth, and 

 is, therefore, entitled to the use of the wood thus 



