72 HISTOLOG Y OF NUTRIENT PL UIDS. 



spermatic cord forms varicocele. Varicose ulcers are apt to 

 form by inflammation of varicose patches of skin, and thrombi 

 in dilated veins may calcify into phleboliths. 



7. Varicose aneurism occurs from the adhesion of a true 

 aneurism to a vein, resulting in absorption of the walls, and a 

 communication between the vessels. Occasionally, as from a 

 wound, we may have a connection between an artery and a 

 vein without an aneurismal sac. This is termed an ancurismal 

 varix. 



IX. PATHOLGICAL CHANGES IN BLOOD. 



1. Variation in amount. 



1. Plethora, or increase, may be produced artifically by in- 

 jection in animals, but is only temporary. The rapid destruc- 

 tion of red corpuscles and excretion of water by the kidneys 

 soon brings back a normal condition. Some doubt if real 

 plethora exists in man, since excessive food does not increase 

 the number of corpuscles, but produces fat. Yet a difference 

 in individuals is perceptible, and we term a florid stout person 

 plethoric. 



2. Oligcemia, or decrease, occurs after hemorrhage, but is 

 rapidly relieved by the absorption of fluid from the lymphatics. 



2. Variation in elements. 



1. Hydrcemia, or excess of water in blood. Not uncommon 

 temporarily after drinking much fluid, but rapidly removed 

 by kidneys and skin. In chronic nephritis it becomes per- 

 manent from interference with the secretion. The water is 

 also excessive in anaemia and when there is decrease in al- 

 bumen. 



2. Hypalbuminosis and hyperalbuminosis designate reduc- 

 tion and increase in albumen. Chronic diarrhea and albu- 

 minurea leave the blood deficient in albumen, while the loss 

 of the watery element in cholera, and excess of food, produce 

 a relative increase. 



3. Ancemia or oligocytJuemia refers to diminished number 

 of red globules. It may occur after hemorrhage and in many 

 chronic or wasting diseases. Chlorosis is a disease in young 

 women, chiefly du( to poverty of red corpuscles or oxygen 

 carriers, and manifrsted by paleness, fatigue, and debility. 



