APPENDIX. 



CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION OF THE ATTITUDES OF 

 STANDING, WALKING, SITTING, AND LEANING ; TOGETH- 

 ER WITH REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS ON SPINAL 

 DISTORTIONS, AND THE USE OF STAYS, 



The attitudes which the human frame is capable of 

 assuming, are exceedingly various, but physiologists 

 have reduced them to two kinds, or classes ; the active, 

 and the passive. The former includes all such as require 

 the action of the muscles, as standing, or walking ; the 

 latter, such as require no muscular exertion, as when 

 the body lies prostrate. 



STANDING. 



When we stand on both feet, considerable muscular 

 effort is required to preserve the upright position ; and 

 still more when we stand on only one foot. In either 

 case, the centre of gravity, which is between the hips, 

 must be kept over the base. 



In the first attitude, the base of support is the space 

 between the feet, including the breadth of the feet them- 

 selves in one direction, and their length in the other ; 

 and hence when the toes are turned outwards in stand- 

 ing, or walking, the base is enlarged. In the last, the 

 base is the single foot only. During this position of the 

 body, nearly all the muscles of the lower extremities, as 

 well as those of the back, are in a state of continual ac- 

 tion ; and this is the reason why we become sooner fa- 

 tigued when standing still, than when walking, in which 

 the muscles are alternately contracted and relaxed. 



When we stand erect, the vertebral column trans- 

 mits the weight of the head, as well as of all the other 



