Sub-Kingdom VI. MOLLUSCA. 1 



(Malacozoa, Blainville; Saccata, Hyatt.) 



THE Mollusca form a well - characterised, and, on the whole, remarkably 

 homogeneous group of Invertebrates, which have existed since the earliest 

 recognised advent of life upon the globe. Their progressive modifications 

 afford us a most important guide to the successive stages of the evolution of 

 organic life as preserved in the various geological horizons. 



The Mollusca are characterised as a group by passing through a Trocho- 

 sphere and a Veliger larval stage ; by possessing bilaterally symmetrical, 

 unsegmerited bodies ; a larval shell gland, from which a harder exoskeleton 

 or shell is secreted, though not always permanently retained ; a mouth, 



1 Literature : 



Adams, H. and A., The Genera of Recent Mollusca, 2 vols. London, 1853-58. 

 Philippi, R. A., Handbuch der Conchyliologie. Halle, 1853. 



Keferstein, W., Die Malacozoa (Bronn's Classen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, Bd. III.), 1862-66. 

 Tryon, G. W., and Pilsbry, H. A., Manual of Conchology, 16 vols. Philadelphia, 1879-96. 

 Fischer, P., Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie conchyliologique, 1880-87. 

 Woodward, S. P., Manual of the Mollusca. 4th Edition, with Appendix by R. Tate, 1880. 

 Tryon, G. W., Structural and Systematic Conchology, 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1882-84. 

 Lankester, E. R., Encyclopaedia Britannica, Article Mollusca, 1883 



Ihering, H, von, Le systeme naturel des Mollusques (Bull. Sci. de la France, XXIII.), 1891. 

 Pelseneer, P., Introduction a 1'etude des Mollusques. Brussels, 1894. 



Soiverby, J., Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, 7 vols. London, 1812-30. 



Brocchi, G. B., Conchiologia fossile subappenina, 2 vols. Milan, 1814. 



Deshayes, G. P., Coquilles fossiles des environs de Paris, 3 vols., 1824-37. 



Goldfuss, A., Petrefacta Germaniae, 1826-40. 



Conrad, T. A., Fossil Shells of the Tertiary Formations of North America (1832-33) ; and Fossils 



of the Medial Tertiary of the United States (1838-61). Reprints 1893. 



Morton, S. G., Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group of the United States, 1834. 

 Philippi, R. A., Enumeratio Molluscorum Siciliae, 2 vols., 1836-44. 

 Grateloup, J. P. S., Catalogue zoologique du Bassin de Gironde. Bordeaux, 1838-40. 

 Hall, J., Palaeontology of New York, vols. I.-VIII. Albany, 1847-95. 

 Wood, S., Monograph of the Crag Mollusca (Palaeont. Soc. vols. I.-IL), 1848-56. 

 Sandberger, G. and F., Die Versteinerungen des Rheinischen Schichtensystems in Nassau, 1850-56. 

 Morris and Lycett, Monograph of the Mollusca of the Great Oolite (Palaeont. Soc.), 1850-63. 

 M'Coy, F., British Palaeozoic Fossils. London, 1851-55. 

 Pictet and Campiche, Description des Fossiles du terrain cretace de Ste. Croix (Palaeont. Suisse, ser. 



V., vols. I.-IV.), 1858-71. 

 Quenstedt, F. A., Der Jura. Tubingen, 1858. 



Sandberger, F., Die Conch ylicn des Mainzer Beckens. Wiesbaden, 1860-63. 

 Deshayes, G, P., Description des animaux sans vertebres decouverts dans le Bassin de Paris, 5 vols. 



Paris, 1860-66. 

 Loriol, P. de, Monographs of the Fauna of the Upper Jura of Switzerland, Haute- Marne, Youne, 



Boiilogne-sur-Mer, Valfin, Tonnerre ; of the Neocomian of Mt. Saleve ; the Urgouian of 



Landeron ; the Gault of Cosne, etc., 1861-75. 



