AND OTHER WATER WAVES 273 



observations in different rivers, I was not able to 

 progress in this matter for some time. I deter- 

 mined, however, to see what I could learn of wave 

 phenomena in rivers, particularly those connected 

 with the pulsation or throbbing which I had 

 noticed, by a visit to the River Niagara, where 

 I thought I could see such things in their full and 

 free development. 



Cross-stream Progressive Waves. Observations in 

 Niagara River 



I arrived at Niagara Falls, N.Y., on July 8, 

 1903, accompanied by my wife, who has shared 

 in all my travels in search of wave phenomena. The 

 next three weeks were spent in observation between 

 Niagara Falls and Lewiston, after which a voyage 

 was made from Kingston, Ontario, to Montreal, 

 passing through numerous falls and rapids on the 

 St . Lawrence . 



Above the Falls of Niagara the river is wide and 







generally shallow, flowing very swiftly on a con- 

 siderable gradient over an uneven, rocky bottom. 

 Between the American shore and Goat Island the 

 water is shallowest. Above the bridge connecting 

 them I was able to see waves progressing down- 

 stream which I thought " faced " i.e., had their 

 steeper face turned down -stream and towards the 



