a manner that they cannot become accessible to flies is indeed one of the 

 important problems which in the country confront the modern sanitarian. 



The installation of indoor plumbing conveniences, including water- 

 closets, is one step in the right direction, and the tendency has in recent 

 years been to take seriously the advice of sanitary engineers that sanitary 

 plumbing should be introduced into farmhouses. But if outdoor con- 

 veniences must be adhered to, let these consist of properly maintained earth 

 closets, the contents of the boxes being covered with lime or other dis- 

 infectant every few days, and the boxes being removed and changed fre- 

 quently. And if, perchance, it should be necessary to retain a privy vault, 

 be sure to have its contents frequently disinfected by sprinkling with 

 carbolic acid, or with chemical compounds like lysol or saprol. Cesspools 

 should receive a similar treatment, and Dr. L. O. Howard mentions the use, 

 originating in'France, of residuum oil -in privies and cesspools, by which 

 fly larvae are killed, the flies prevented from entering, and the eggs already 

 laid destroyed before hatching. 



Where there is sewerage, see to it that it is in proper working order, 

 that no stoppages and no leaks in the drains exist. 



From what has been said so far, and also from what follows,' it will 

 be apparent that the extermination of flies can be brought about chiefly 

 by a diligent attention to a proper disposal of waste matter, and by the 

 maintenance of scrupulous cleanliness. Hence, the fly problem is a sani- 

 tary problem, and it is for this reason that we find it in recent years 

 occupying the serious attention of sanitarians. 



The next points' to 'which the farmer should pay attention are his 

 horse stables, cow barns, and manure pits. The farm boss should instruct 

 his farm hands and the hired help regarding the proper care of these. It 

 is desirable that horse stalls should have water tight floors, and in any 

 case it is necessary tc? construct the manure pits in cement and concrete 

 so as to be tight, and to have them well covered. All rain water should 

 be excluded from them, and their construction should be such as to prevent 

 flies from entering. The screening of manure pits has been suggested to 

 prevent flies from breeding in them, but where the pits are occasionally 

 treated with chloride of lime, wire screens will rapidly corrode. This 

 treatment is said to be cheaper and more effective than the occasional 

 sprinkling of the manure pit with kerosene oil, although this latter method 

 doubtless also effects some improvement. Hence, it is better to cover 

 manure pits up and to keep them dark to prevent the flies from breeding 

 in the manure. It is quite important to prevent the pits from becoming 

 filled up by having the manure hauled away at least twice a week and 

 spread on the land. *f & 



Dairy farmers should look particularly to the sanitation of the milk 

 house and abolish privy vaults, outhouses, cesspools or manure pits existing 

 in their neighborhood. The contamination of the milk supply by flies may 

 be prevented by screening the dairy windows and doors, which renders 

 such a building practically flyproof. 



Barnyards should be kept scrupulously neat and tidy; gutters and 

 stalls of stables should be cleaned daily, all refuse heaps kept covered 



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