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Attempting to reduce a dislocated joint or set a bone in a hurry, or 

 wrong treatment in case of poisons, might often be much worse than no 

 treatment at all; so the general principle of emergency treatment or first 

 aid is: 



1. Rest to the whole body. 



That is best secured by lying down flat on the back, on a bed if possible 

 pillows are not necessary. 



Rest to a joint or limb may be secured by bandaging. 



A sling for the arm and crutch for leg, but often a leg can only be rested 

 by keeping off the foot altogether, as in a bad break or sprained ankle, 

 knee or hip. 



Very often firm bandaging will do a great deal of good to rest in- 

 jured parts. 



2. Stimulation is often necessary after fainting, exhaustion, fits or 

 shock. 



Rub the limbs well and apply hot water bottles, irons or bricks. The 

 patient may inhale sal volatile ammonia, or take by mouth hot tea, coffee 

 and spirits, or if these things are not to be had, a teaspoon of perfume or 

 lemon extract. 



3. Cleanliness is most essential, especially if wounds are to be handled. 

 Above all beware of the application of flour, cobwebs, cow manure or 



dirty cloths they often cause infections such as blood poisoning, etc. 



See that all water used is boiled a very good way to always have a 

 little boiled water is to save some after each meal in the hot water jug. 



Freshly laundered clothes may be considered sterile (not from 

 Chinamen). 



Good and simple antiseptics are: Carbolic acid, turpentine, alcohol, 

 formalin, and boracic acid. These all help to insure cleanliness. 



Clean hands and short finger nails are most important, and when called 

 upon suddenly to help in any dressing put on large clean apron or even 

 night dress over ordinary clothing. 



4. Artificial respiration may often be required after drowning, suffo- 

 cation or collapse. 



Quickly loosen all clothing, especially around the neck. Have the head 

 low and waist elevated. Open the mouth and draw out the tongue, using 

 anything to open the mouth (even if you have to give pain to patient), 

 turn the head on one side, to prevent tongue falling back down throat. 



Raise and lower elbows from chest over head about once every four 

 seconds. 



Often good results are obtained after working an hour or more. 



5. Drowning. 



Remove all unnecessary clothing; lay on back with waist raised; then 

 roll from side to side to help empty the water from the lungs; then apply 

 artificial respiration, warmth and stimulants. 



6. Fainting and shocks. 



Lay patient on the back; plenty of fresh air; keep head low; slap with 

 wet towels. Allow plenty of rest after recovery and give some hot drinks, 

 smelling bottle, etc. 



7. Suffocation. 



Remove patient into fresh air and give artificial respiration. 



