PHILIP 



462S 



PHILIP 



as Thermopylae, but found it too strongly 

 guarded by the Athenians and turned buck. 

 In 346 the Thebans appealed to him for help 

 against the Phocians, who had held the sacred 

 city of Delphi for many years, and when he 

 proved successful was given the place in the 

 Amphictyonic Council which had previously be- 

 longed to Phocis. This was recognition of him 

 as a Greek among Greeks. 



Opposition of Demosthenes. At Athens De- 

 mosthenes perceived the plans of the Macedo- 

 nian king, against whom he thundered forth his 

 famous Philippics, but the Athenians were hard 

 to rouse, and Philip's attentions during the 

 years 345-339 seemed confined to Thrace, where 

 he with great difficulty established his suprem- 

 acy. In 338 B. c. he again entered Greece, this 

 time at the request of the Amphictyonic Coun- 

 cil, which desired his help against the Locrians. 

 Now Demosthenes succeeded in stirring up 

 Athens to a sense of danger and in persuading 

 Thebes to join in a defensive league; but the 

 allied armies were completely defeated by 

 Philip at Chaeronea in August, 338, and Greek 

 independence was at an end. With all Greece 

 in his control, Philip began to plan an invasion 

 of Persia, but in the summer of 336 he was as- 

 sassinated by a Macedonian youth, probably 

 at the instigation of Olympias, his divorced 

 wife. 



Estimate of His Career. Philip's fame has 

 suffered because of the greater glory of his son, 

 Alexander the Great, but he stands out as one 

 of the truly noteworthy rulers of all times. His 

 dream of a Greek empire in place of the little 

 Greek states, with their jealousy and strife, was 

 in advance of his age, and the means by which 

 he secured it, both military and diplomatic, 

 were masterly. He brought his army to a high 

 state of efficiency and developed the famous 

 ^"Macedonian phalanx," which did such effective 

 work in the campaigns of his son. A.MC c. 



Consult Hogarth's Philip and Alexander of 

 Macedon. 



Related Subject. The reader is referred to 

 the following articles in these volumes : 

 Alexander the Great Macedonia 

 Demosthenes Phalanx 



Greece, subtitle History 



PHILIP, the name of several French kings. 

 Of these, Philip II, IV and V are of greatest 

 interest and importance. 



Philip II (1165-1223), known as PHILIP AU- 

 GUSTUS, was one of the greatest of the early 

 French rulers. He was the son of Louis VII, 

 who gave him a share in control in 1179. 



Philip became sole king in 1180. Contests 

 with the great barons, some of whom had al- 

 most as much power as the king, marked the 

 early years of his reign, and from most of them 

 he succeeded in wivsting concessions. By tak- 

 ing the part of the sons of Henry II of Kniilaml 

 in the risings against their father, Philip fonvd 

 the English king to do him homage for his 

 possessions in France; and when Richard I 

 (the Lion-Hearted), Henry's son, came to the 

 throne in 1189, the two monarchs caught the 

 spirit of the Crusades and set out together for 

 the Holy Land. 



As they quarreled on their way to Palestine, 

 Philip returned to France and intrigued with 

 the Emperor Henry VI against Richard, who 

 was arrested and imprisoned on his way home. 

 Philip also formed an alliance with John, Rich- 

 ard's brother, and attacked Richard's posses- 

 sions in Normandy. He met with small suc- 

 cess, and Richard's death in 1199 ended the 

 war. Almost immediately, however, war broke 

 out with John, Richard's successor, and the 

 English king lost most of his French estates. 

 In 1214 Philip was called upon to face a power- 

 ful coalition composed of the Count of Bou- 

 logne, the Count of Flanders, the Emperor 

 Otho IV and John of England, but at Bou- 

 vines he overwhelmingly defeated them, and 

 effective opposition to his power was at an end. 



Philip was to the full as great a statesman 

 . as he was a soldier. Reforms in administra- 

 tions strengthened the hold of the central gov- 

 ernment on the people; the feudal system was 

 modified so that the king was more obviously 

 its head; and the Church was prevented from 

 acquiring increased power. Philip was married 

 three times first to Isabella of Hainault, who 

 died in 1190, then to Ingeborg of Denmark, 

 whom he repudiated soon after his marriage, 

 and last to Agnes of Meran. The Pope, how- 

 ever, refusing to sanction this last marriage, ex- 

 communicated him and forced him to take 

 back Ingeborg. 



Philip IV (1268-1314) was called THE FAIR, 

 because he was, as one writer says, "the hand- 

 somest man in the world." He succeeded his 

 father Philip III in 1285. The extent to which 

 this king was responsible for the important 

 events of his reign is a question, some authori- 

 ties holding him to have been merely a figure- 

 head, dependent on his ministers, while others 

 represent him as a man of force, obstinate in 

 the attainment of any purpose on which he had 

 set his" mind. The most noteworthy happening 

 of his reign was his contest with the Pope. 



