PHILIP 



PHILIP 



France needed money, and new taxes were ac- 

 cordingly levied, some of which fell upon the 

 clergy; but in 1296 Pope Boniface VIII issued 

 a bull forbidding anyone to tax the clergy with- 

 out Papal sanction. Philip retaliated by de- 

 creeing that no metals should be exported from 

 France, and the Pope at once submitted, as 

 this would have deprived him of a large sum 



v. In 1301, however, trouble broke out 

 again, when Philip had the Papal legate in 

 France arrested. Boniface at once issued an- 

 other bull making most extravagant claims for 

 the Papacy, and Philip, to make sure of the 

 support of the people, summoned the first 

 States-General. Philip's representative then 



1 the person of the Pope, who died imme- 

 ird; and after the brief reign of 

 Benedict XI Philip made his own candidate 

 Pope as Clement V. The Papal residence was 

 transferred from Rome to Avignon, and thus 

 began the seventy-year period of French con- 

 trol of the Papacy which is known as the 

 "Babylonish captivity." 



In order to obtain money for the increasing 

 demands of the state, Philip persecuted the 

 Jews, the Lollards and the Templars, finally in- 

 ducing t he Pope to suppress the latter order. He 

 also debased the coinage of the realm. Early 

 in his reign he came into conflict with Edward I 

 nd, whose territory of Guienne he 

 seized. He then turned against the Count of 



: r>. who had assisted Edward, and al- 



1 his agents to oppress the Flemish people 

 cruelly. The result was a revolt in which Philip 

 was decisively defeated at Courtrai and com- 

 pelled to relinquish his claim on Flanders. 

 Philip VI (1293-1350), founder of the dynasty 

 , was a nephew of Philip IV. He 

 came to the throne in 1328 on the death of his 

 cousin, Charles IV. This led to a contest with 

 Edward III of England, who as a nephew of 

 Charles IV insisted that his claims were supe- 

 rior Since the defeat of Philip IV by the 



ish cities at Courtrai in 1302, the French 

 nobles had been anxious for revenge, and in 

 1328 Philip led them to victory at Cassel. Re- 

 lations with England grew constantly more un- 



'lly, and in 1337 the Hundred Years' War 

 broke out In 1340 the French fleet was de- 

 feated at Sluys, and six years later occurred 



< omplete rod of the Freneh in the Battle 

 of Cr 



The chief feature df Philip's intern. il u overa- 

 ll lent was its extravagance. He levied taxes to 



himself, despite the protests of the States- 

 :>'! he spent immense sums on tour- 



naments and festivities. In the latter part of 

 his reign France waa swept by the terrible pes- 

 tilence known as the Black Death. See FRAN 

 subtitle History. A.MCC. 



Consult Button's Philip Augustus; Castellleri's 

 Philip II August. 



Related Subject*. The reader is referred to 



the following articles in these volumes: 



Crecy Hundred Years' War 



Crusades Richard I 



PHILIP, the name borne by several kings of 

 Spain, two of whom were of special importance. 



Philip II (1527-1598) was the only son of the 

 Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal. 

 He succeeded to the throne of Spain in 1556. 

 Owing to his early clerical education he grew 

 up a cold, one-sided man, with no sympathy for 

 those whose religious convictions differed from 

 his own. His rule was characterized by one 

 object, namely, to stamp out opposition to the 

 Roman Catholic faith. He first married Maria 

 of Portugal; after her death Mary, queen of 

 England, became his wife. The English, how- 

 ever, refused to acknowledge him as king or to 

 help him in the war he had provoked with 

 France, though Queen Mary sent him supplies 

 and troops. A peace satisfactory to Spain was 

 finally concluded. 



The reign of Philip II marks the beginning 

 of the gradual downfall of Spain and the loss 

 of Spanish power at sea. The Netherlands, one 

 of the most valuable possessions of Philip, re- 

 volted, and after a struggle lasting nearly thirty 

 years, costing Spain an enormous sum in money 

 and men, threw off the yoke of Spain. The 

 British destroyed the mighty Armada he sent 

 against them in 1588, and the power of Spain 

 as a maritime nation was shattered. Philip was 

 more successful against the Turks ; Portugal was 

 conquered, but the commerce of Spain had suf- 



! ><> tern My that the country never i- 

 ered. The Spanish possessions in Mexico :m<i 

 South America were harassed and plundered by 

 British ships, and many vessels in the ports of 

 Spain itself were captured. Mary of Kn^l.md. 

 his wife, died in 1558, and he married i.hznlieth. 

 daughter of Henry II of France; on her de:ith 

 he entered into a fourth marriage with Anna, 

 of Emperor Maximilian 11 



' .ilip'> reicn the Inquisition was at 

 its height, and the king thought that in sup- 

 porting its harsh measures he was really work- 

 ing for the ultimate benefit of mankind. He 

 has been accused of helping in the instigation 

 of the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew, and his 

 proposed conquest and conversion of England 



