PHILOSOPHY 



1642 



PHLOX 



Rome and (>\ -I'lutonixm. which 



\\as a mixture of Christianity and Greek and 

 ( >ricntal philosophy. 



Medieval Philosophy. The Middle Ages pro- 

 duced the philosophic system called SCHOLASTI- 

 CISM, an application of Aristotle's logic to tin- 

 basic Christian doctriin-. An.-elm. Abelard. 

 Saint Thomas Aquinas and Dims Scot us were 

 among the famous teachers and writers of tin- 

 Scholastic school. 



Beginnings of the New Philosophy. Bacon 

 and Descartes are looked upon as the found- 

 f modern philosophy. Bacon, following a 

 path which Aristotle had partly marked out, 

 lished a system which has had a marked 

 on scientific research a plan of reason- 

 ing which leads from the known to the un- 

 known, beginning with facts and proceeding 

 through investigation and experiment to general 

 truths. Descartes, on the other hand, believed 

 in reasoning from the unknown to the known; 

 in other words, starting with laws reached- 

 through thought, and from there proceeding 

 to individual facts. 



Modern Philosophy. Present-day thinkers 

 have merely elaborated or modified the older 

 ins, giving them the more practical appli- 

 cation which scientific progress has made nat- 

 ural. Among the foremost modern philoso- 

 phers may be mentioned Hegel, Kant, Herbart, 

 Lotze, Nietzsche and Schopenhauer in Ger- 

 many; Herbert Spencer, Darwin, John Stuart 

 Mill (see UTILITARIANISM), Locke and Hume. 

 in England; Cousin, Voltaire and Bergson, in 

 France. The only distinguished American 

 school of philosophy is the Transcendental ist . 

 organized in New England in the middle of the 

 nineteenth century, with which were associated 

 the names of Emerson, Thoreau, Alcott, Mar- 

 garet Fuller and others. The most noted 

 American philosopher of more recent times is 

 William James, the psychologist. 



Consult Gomperz's Greek Thinkers: A History 

 >f Philosophy ; Bakewell's Source Book in Ancient 

 Philosophy; Jevons' Philosophy: What In it.' 



Krl.-iH-d SuhjrctM. The reader will find more 

 detailed treatment of the various phases of phi- 

 losophy and its closely connected subjects in the 

 following articles in these volumes : 



Pessimism 

 1'sydiology 



nationalism 

 Scholasticism 



Sophists 



Stoicism 



Transcendentalism 

 Transmigration of the 



Soul 

 Utilitarianism 



Agnostic 

 Altruism 

 Asceticism 

 Cynic School of 



Philosophy 

 Deductive Method 

 Esthetics 

 Kthics 

 Fallacy 

 Fatalism 



Generalization 



Inductive Method 



Logic 



Materialism 



Metaphysics 

 Mystic-ism 

 Optimism 

 Pantheism 



Peripatetic School of 

 Philosophy 



These volumes also contain articles on the fol- 

 lowing distinguished philosophers : 



Ahelard. Pierre 

 Aristotle 

 Aurelius. Marcus 

 Haader, Benedict F. X. 

 Bacon, Francis 

 Bacon, Roger 

 Bergson. Henri L. 

 Comte, Isidore Auguste 

 Darwin, Charles R. 

 Descartes, Ren 

 Diogenes 

 lOmerson, Ralph Waldo 



Bplctetus 



JOpicurus 



l-'ichlc. Johaim C.oltlieb 



Hegel, Georg W. F. 



I !'] hart, Johann 



Friedrich 

 Hobbes, Thomas 



I 1 n me. David 

 Hypat ia 



.James. "William 

 Kant. Immanuel 

 Leibnitz, Baron von 

 Locke, John 

 Mill, James 

 Mill, Jolm Stuart 

 Newton. Sir Isaac 

 Nietzsche, Frederick 

 Pascal, Blaise 

 Plato 



Pythagoras 

 Schopenhauer. Arthur 

 Seneca. Lucius Aimacus 

 Socrates 

 Spencer. I lei l.ert 

 Spino/.a. liarudi 

 Strauss. I >avid Kricdridi 



Thales 



Theophrastns 



Voltaire 



Zeno 



PHLOX, flox, from the Greek word meaning 

 flame, is the name of a group of flowering 

 herbs, natives of North America. They are so 

 called because of the brilliant scarlet blossoms 

 of many of the species. These plants are hardy 

 and grow readily 

 in fertile soil, and 

 man y varieties- 

 have been devel- 

 oped by garden- 

 ers. One of the 

 best -known spe- 

 cies is the Drum- 

 in and phlox , 

 which originally 

 grew wild in 

 Texas. All an- 

 nual varieties of 

 phlox are derived 

 from this. The 

 flowers of this 

 group show a 

 wonderful 



cowslip- 



When May. with 



braided locks. 

 Walks through the land in 



green attire. 

 range Then burns in meadow KI.ISS 



the phlox 

 of color creamy- His torch of purple fire. 



white, pale yel- 

 low, deep pink, salmon-pink, magenta, purple, 

 lilac and crimson and many arc star-shaped. 

 The familiar wild sweet William, whose bluish 

 flowers are among the early summer blossoms, 

 also belongs to the phlox group. Annual va- 

 rieties of phlox are grown from seeds; the 

 perennials from seeds and from stem and root 

 cuttings. See ANNUALS; PERENNIALS. 



