PHALANX 



4617 



PHARMACOPOEIA 



rivers were dried up and rocks were split. The 

 poor Earth called on Jupiter for help, and he 

 hurled his thunderbolts at the boy, who fell 

 from the chariot and was killed. 



The story of Phaethon is given on pages 4047- 

 4049, in Volume V. See APOLLO. Consult Gay- 

 'f!/ths in English Literature. 



PHALANX, fa'langks, the order of battle in 



which the ancient Greek infantry was formed. 



The legions of Rome afterwards adopted the 



same formation and proved invincible. The 



{ilnhinx was sometimes a triangular-shaped 



-' which was driven through the enemy's 



ranks; sometimes it was a solid square which 



ted all attacks, but was not so mobile as 



vedge. In a square it consisted of eight to 



sixteen ranks, the men being armed with spears 



from eight to fourteen feet in length and pro- 



d by shields which covered nearly the 



whole of their bodies. 



PHANEROGAMOUS, fan er og' a mus, 

 PLANTS, or PHANEROGAMS, fan' er o gams, 

 are plants which bear flowers. The name is 

 applied to the great division of the vegetable 

 kingdom generally known as flowering plants. 

 The distinguishing characteristics of phaner- 

 ogamous plants are that they possess flowers 

 with stamens, and ovules that develop into 

 seeds with an embryo. See CRYPTOGAMS. 



PHARAOH, fa'ro, or ja'rao, the Biblical 

 title of the kings of Egypt, ten of whom are 





i'TIIAH 



rh:inn>h mentioned In 

 i ng draught*. 



i.-.l in thr ()]< I Ti -t.-inirnt. The Pha- 

 s of Abraham and Joseph were 



probably of the Hyksos line, and, being them- 

 selves Semites and shepherds, were friendly to 

 the wandering Hebrews. The Pharaoh of the 

 Oppression, ''the new King that knew not Jos- 

 eph," was long identified with Rameses n, a 

 builder of great cities, on which he employed 

 Israelite labor (Exodus I), and the Pharaoh of 

 the Exodus was supposed to have been Me- 

 renpthah, son of Rameses II. Recently dis- 

 covered inscriptions, however, prove that these 

 suppositions are incorrect. Among others men- 

 tioned are the Pharaoh who was the father-in- 

 law of Solomon, the Pharaoh who was the op- 

 ponent of Sennacherib at the time of Hezekiah, 

 and Pharaoh Necho, who invaded Palestine and 

 was overthrown by Nebuchadnezzar. 



PHARISEES, fair'iseez, the strongest of the 

 religious sects in Judea at the time of Christ. 

 The Pharisees held themselves apart, not only 

 from the heathen, but from the other Jews as 

 well, and were commonly considered to have 

 reached a state of piety to which ordinary men 

 could not attain. To the written law of the 

 Pentateuch they added the oral law, supposed 

 to complete and explain the original statutes. 

 It made rules for the minutest details of daily 

 life, such as eating, drinking and washing of 

 hands, and for tithing, fasting and Sabbath 

 observance, till it put upon the whole people 

 "burdens too grievous to be borne." Jesus 

 accused the Pharisees of making the Word of 

 no effect by their traditions, and spoke II > 

 severest words in denunciation of their hypoc- 

 risy ( Mat th, w XXIII). Besides subscribing 

 to the oral law, the Pharisees believed in the 



rrection of the dead and an elaborate doc- 

 trine of angels and spirits. In all of these 



Min^s they were bitterly opposed by their 

 rival **ect. the Sadducees (winch see). 



After the Christian Church had organized 

 itself independently of .JudaiMn. the Pharisees 

 withdrew themselves more than ever from ih< 

 world. The Talmud, still recognized as author- 

 ity by orthodox Jews of all nations, was the 

 painstaking work of Pharisees during the < 

 Christian centuries. There were numbered 

 among the Pharisees many men of sincere 

 piety and great learning. Saul and his tea 

 Gamaliel were of this sect. 



Consult Fairweather'a The Background of th< 

 Ooi >rd's Pharitatom: Its Aims and tt 



Uotlodt. 



PHARMACIST, jahr' ma tilt. See DRUGGIST. 



PHARMACOPOEIA, jahr ma ko p<'va, a book 

 containing tables of drugs, a statement of t 

 properties, action and use, the doses in \\i 



