PHOTOGRAPHY 



4650 



PHOTOGRAPHY 



inide that has not hern acted upon anil 1< 

 the picture clear and sharp. The developing 

 process is now completed, and the picture. 

 called the // -hould he thoroughly 



washed in running water, then placed in a rack 

 to dry- The developed plate is called the n 

 live because in it the lights and shadow- of the 

 object photographed are rever.-i <l. 



Printing. The final step in the proct >- 



in printing the poxitiri . which is the 

 photograph as we know it. Photograph paper 

 is prepared by coating one surface of a light 

 paper with albumen, to which has been added 

 a small quantity of ammonium or sodium chlo- 

 ride, then soaking the paper in a solution of 

 nitrate of silver. Many grades and styles of 

 this paper, already prepared, are on the market. 

 The film surface of the negative is laid upon 

 the sensitive surface of the paper and the two 

 are fastened together in a printing frame and 

 exposed to the light. The time required for 

 printing depends upon the nature of the nega- 

 tive, the sensitiveness of the paper and the 

 >trength of the light. Since the paper is less 

 -i n-itive than the film, the exposure for print- 

 ing must be longer than that for making the 

 negative. When the print has reached the de- 

 I shade it is taken from the frame, washed 

 and placed in a fixing bath. After fixing it is 

 washed and dried. 



The great variety of effects produced in pho- 

 tography is due largely to the varieties of print- 

 ing papers. A rough paper produces a soft pic- 

 ture without sharp lines. If bromide is used 

 instead of silver in preparing the paper, a 

 brown picture is obtained, and combinations of 

 these substances in different proportions give 

 different tints. The blue print (which see) is 

 made on a paper sensitized with a solution of 

 potassium ferro cyanide. 



Progress in Photography. Photography is a 

 recent art. The first practical application of it 

 made by Daguerre in 1839 (see DAGUERRO- 

 TVI-E). The first sunlight picture of the human 

 lace was made by John W. Draper of the New 

 York University in 1840, and the photograph as 

 we know it has been developed since 1850. But, 

 notwithstanding the fact that the art is less 

 than a hundred years old, photography has 

 reached such a stage of perfection that almost 

 incredible iv.-ults are achieved by it. Films so 

 sensitive that a mere flash of light upon them 

 will produce a complete picture are in such 

 general use that they cause no comment, and 

 their perfection made the moving picture pos- 

 sible. The extent to which these pictures, are 



used in scientific research is given in the article 

 Movixu PICTURES (which see). Naturalists 

 have traveled to remotest regions and suffered 

 untold hardships to photograph birds and ani- 

 mals in their native surroundings, and the re- 

 production of these photographs places them 

 within the reach of every boy and girl. Pho- 

 tography has become an indispensable agency 

 in education, and every leading educational in- 

 stitution includes a complete photographic out- 

 fit among its equipment. 



Apparatus for taking photographs under wa- 

 ter has been perfected, and excellent view> <>i 

 fish and other submarine life are made. In the 

 War of the Nations the camera and the aero- 

 plane enabled the officers of the contending 

 armies to learn many facts concerning the lo- 

 cation and strength of the enemy's line.-. New 

 processes are perfected and new devices are 

 brought to light from year to year, and then- 

 is not an industry or an art to which photog- 

 raphy does not render valuable assistance. 



Amateur Photography. Since the in \ent ion 

 of the kodak the pleasure of "taking pictures" 

 has been within the reach of every one, and all 

 appliances and material have been perfected to 

 such a degree that any boy or girl can use the 

 camera, develop the films and print the photo- 

 graph with success. A few hints to the begin- 

 ner may be of assistance : 



1. Get a camera with a good lens. If possible. 

 focus a picture on the ground-glass screen ami 

 study the clearness of the details in-fore pur- 

 chasing. 



2. Study the book of directions carefully, ami 

 follow the directions to the letter. 



3. Before making an exposure, study care- 

 fully the object to be photographed. Note tin- 

 light and shade effects. If you are photographing 

 a landscape see that no undesirable objects ap- 

 pear in the foreground in the field of the camera. 

 Place the camera so that the sky line will be 

 above or below the middle, of the picture. 



4. Use an actinometer until you have ^aine.l 

 enough experience to time your exposures. 



5. If you do your own developing better n 

 suits will be secured by using the developing tank 

 than by the ordinary apparatus in the "dark 

 room." 



6. Be sure that your negatives and prints arc 

 thoroughly washed. This means that you must 

 wash them three or four times. 



Color Photography. Photographing objects 



in their natural colors has been brought to such 

 a degree of perfection that almost perfect re- 

 productions of the object can be made. The 

 process is more complex than that in ordinary 

 photography, and may be most easily under- 

 -tood from a description of the process through 

 which the first successful pictures were ob- 



