PHOTOGRAVURE 



4651 



PHRENOLOGY 



tamed. It is known a.- tin 

 from its discoverers, the Lunuere Brothers of 

 Lynn.-. France. The sensitive plate is prepared 

 by covering one surface of the gla>> with starch 

 granules. alternately red, green and blue. A 

 preparation sensitized to all the colors of the 

 -olar spectrum is then poured over these gran- 

 ules. The plate is placed in the camera with 

 he glass side towards the lens so that the light 

 in reaching the sensitized film passes through 

 . colored granules. The plate is then de- 

 ped into a positive, and a picture of the 

 ct in its natural colors is the result. Prints 

 reproducing these colors cannot as yet be made 

 from these positives, for the secret has not been 

 l arned. but three- and four-color halftones arc 

 successfully made from them. W.F.K. 



Consult Adams's Amateur /'/i<./r/</r/n</i " ; ll"l- 

 lainl's Iloir t I'm- a Camera: Taylor's Why My 

 l'h<>tutj>-(ti>li,\ An Unil. 



llrliitrii -iii-MM-i*. Tli. reader is referred to 

 th* following articles in these voluin 

 ('miera Lens 



orrotype Moving Pictures 



Halftone Photo-Engraving 



PHOTOGRAVURE , fo toh gra vure . See sub- 

 head, in article PHOTO-EN<;K\VIN<;. 



PHOTOMETRY, jotom'etri, the science of 



-uring intensities of light by comparison 



with a standard unit. The brightne-- of the 



illumination depend- on the source and the di 



ay. Various unit.- arc employed, such 





A SIMIMJ: PHOTOMBTBB 



It <..nsists of a graduated rod one meter (39 + 



' in N-n^tli. monntr.l .n two supports. One 

 :in<l on the other 



In a candle holder. A i.\ p.iint-l Mack (so it 

 will not cast ! (' liili-s alon^ tin- tin-NT 



'n with t wo niit 

 i itrlil aim u inu Lot 



a- th- lintl-h -pel-lit candle, tin -talldard < l< . - 



trie lamp. etC. Tin- .-perm candle burn- i'JO 



il an hour and i- -e\ en-<>ighths 



nf an inch in dlaim t' 1 Daylight l> e-t linatc.l 



at 180 candle per square yard, meaning the 



amount of light that ISO cmdle- would throw 



ol' olir 



rh<>: re instruments devised to make 



these < us. In simplest form, a ph<>- 



Msist* of a white pap with a 



M I)M middle, arranged on a 



.-cale between two lights. When the screen has 

 been moved until the light on each side i> 

 equally intense, the grease spot will be in- 

 visible. In this case the strengths of the two 

 lights are proportional to the squares of their 

 respective distances from the screen. An or- 

 dinary photometer appears in the illustration. 

 Very delicate instruments which include a tele- 

 .-cope and a polarizing apparatus are used to 

 compare the light of the stars and other heav- 

 enly hod: 



PHRENOLOGY, frcnol'oji, a so-called 

 >cience quite modern in development, which 

 grew out of a false interpretation of facts re- 

 lated to the progress of anatomy and phy-i- 

 ology in the early nineteenth century. It- 

 founder, F. J. (Jail, repre-ents the combination 

 of a man of science, who was a notable con- 

 tributor to the anatomy of the brain, and al-o 

 an adherent of the impression i>tie method* 

 (such as Lavater used and may have suggested 

 to him); this led him to assert as proved i 

 arbitrary associations of mental qualities with 

 bodily characteristics. The system was popu- 

 larized by Sptirzheim, who came to Am< 

 and there spread his doctrine with marked suc- 

 cess. He died in Boston, and was given a pub- 

 lic funeral attended by the President of Har- 

 vard College and other dignit 



While there are suggestions in da-.- ic and 

 medieval lore of the association of part- of the 

 head with mental functions (the front to judg- 

 ment, the middle to imagination, the back to 

 memory), phrenology took it> -tart with the 

 observations of Gall that men with certain 

 prominences of the skull possessed definite 

 qualities in marked degn-e. He observed the 

 heads of students and related their profn-u-ncu- 

 with their "bumps;" and thus located the "or- 

 gan" of number in mathematicians, of tum in 

 musicians; he observed the devout at church 

 and located the "organ" of r ; r m-. .- he ol>- 

 ed poets and located the "organ" of id<- 

 (ilitii; IK 1 criminal* and located the 



"organs" of tlnjt and ninnhr; he ol.-.r\,d the 

 insane and related their deliciencie- to tin- poor 

 development of intellectual pall- of the skull. 



I that "|o\r of approbation" 



was large in a lunatic who thought h. r- If th. 

 IJin-rii of Krance; "aoim-it i\ ti " wa- lni:- 

 m a pickpocket . ' di -ti iii t ivei ge m 



idem fond of iiiitiiring animals (\\lio I- 

 Hue a -urgeuli). ali.l ill all apot lie. MI \ \\lio I*. 

 ,n. that "love oi (((Tsprmg" 



I- liicated III the back of the head I .. . IIW that 



i- h- ped in women and apes; thai 



