PHYSICS 



1658 



PHYSIOGNOMY 



Milliken and Gale's F< I'M /'/IMS-- 



vised). 



Related Subject*. The topics in the 

 umes relating to physics in some >f its phases 

 are very numerous. The reader is referred to the 

 following : 



Aberration 

 Attraction 

 I '.oiling Point 



r.Mvl.-'s Law 



Calorie 



: 'apillai ity 



< Vntrifugal Force 



< Ynti ipetal Force 



-I"M 



Composition <>f Forces 



Compressed Air 



Crookes Tubes 



Dielectric 



Diffraction 



Diffusion 



Ductility 



Dynamics 



Dynamo 



Dyne 



Echo 



Klasticity 



Electricity (with index) 



Bnergy 



Evaporation 



i:\liansion 



Extension 



Falling Bodies 



Flexibility 



Fluorescence 



Foot-Pound 



Force 



Freezing 



Friction 



Galvanic Battery 



Geissler's Tubes 



Gravitation 



Gravity, Center of 



Gravity. Specific 



Hardness 



Harmonics 



Heat 



Horse Power 



Hydraulics 



Hydrometer 



Hydrostatics 



Ice 



Inclined Plane 



Inertia 



Kinematics 



Lens 



Lever 



I^eyden Jar 



Ll*ht 



Liquid 



Liquid Air 



Magnet and .Mamirtism 



Magnetic X.-cdlc 



Malleability 



Matter 



Mechanical Powers 



Mechanics 



Melting Point 



Momentum 



N-Rays 



Parallelogram of Forces 



Pendulum 



Penumbra 



Perpetual Motion 



Photometry 



Pneumat ics 



I'olarixation of Light 



Porosity 



Power 



Pulley 



Radio-Activity 



Reflection 



Regelation 



Roentgen Rays 



Shadows 



Siphon 



Solid 



Sound 



Spectrum Analysis 



Spring 



Statics 



Steam 



Steelyard 



Temperature 



Tenacity 



Thermometer 



Torsion Balance 



Transformer 



Vacuum 



Vapor 



Velocity 



Water Power 



Weight 



The following eminent physicists are given spe- 

 cial treatment in these volumes : 



Helmholtz, Hermann 



von 



Herschel. Sir William 

 Kelvin, Baron 

 Michelson, Albert A. 

 Morse, Samuel F. B. 

 Newton, Sir Isaac 

 Roentgen, Wilhelm K. 

 Tesla-, Nikola 

 Torricelli, Evangelista 



Arago, Dominique F. 

 Archimedes 

 Bacon, Roger 

 Bunsen, R. W. E. 

 Curie, Pierre and Marie 

 Edison, Thomas A. 

 Fahrenheit, Gabriel D. 

 Faraday, Michael 

 Foucault, Jean B. L. 

 Galvani, Luigi 

 Gay-Lussac. J. L. 

 Guyot, Arnold 



Volta, Alessandro 

 Watt. James 



PHYSIOGNOMY, Jiz i o</ 'mi mi. a 

 .-cirnn' which attempted tin- .-pecilic ta.-k ol' 

 reading i raits of character in bodily sign>. It 

 became a pseudo-science by far overstepping 

 ihr hounds within which such relations might 



In.- mod. Tately suggestive. In the treati-e on 



the subject attributed to Aristotle tin- < ential 

 doctrine is found. Such qualities as timidity, 

 impudence, courage and anger aiv a .mated 

 with color, liair, form of body, length ol limb. 

 M;ait. voice, etc. Persons with thick, bulbous 

 noses are insensitive; those with sharp-tipped 

 OIKS, irascible; those with slender, hooked 

 noses, noble but grasping, etc. Animal analo- 

 gies were common. A person with a nose like 

 an eagle's beak was put down as having the 

 qualities of an eagle, the one whose appearance 

 suggested an owl was wise, and he who looked 

 like a crow was pert. 



Hash generalization, on the basis of weak 

 analogy (and supported by a certain amount' 

 of shrewd observation), is all that underlies the 

 system. It continued irregularly as part "i 

 ''occult" lore and popular belief, and at times 

 received additions and was affiliated with the 

 current systems of interpretation. An astro- 

 logical physiognomy was formed by associating 

 each of the lines of the forehead with a planet 

 and interpreting the depth and prominence of 

 the line in terms of the moral quality asso- 

 ciated with the planet. The notion persisted 

 that animal qualities (the courage of the lion, 

 the timidity of the deer or hare, the stupidity 

 of the ass or sheep, the cunning of the fox. 

 the farsightedness of the eagle) would be pos- 

 sessed by those whose heads and features sug- 

 gested the one or other animal peculiarity; 

 and some attempt was made to generalize such 

 qualities; for example, long-haired creature- 

 were courageous, and short-haired creatures wen 

 timid. 



This body of doctrine, never very important, 

 was revived by Lavater's sumptuous publica- 

 tions written in popular style and richly illus- 

 trated. Lavater relied purely upon his im- 

 pressionistic sense; he noted prominent features 

 among his friends and associated them with 

 prominent qualities; he studied the faces of 

 great men and proved to his own satisfaction 

 that every feature of the head of Voltaire 

 showed wit and satire. He associated certain 

 shapes of brows, of nose, of mouth, of ear, of 

 chin, with benevolence, cupidity, ambition, 

 quick temper, firmness, etc., and made his 

 analysis more and more detailed and refined. 

 His descriptions were enthusiastic rhapsodies of 



