PHYSIOGNOMY 



PHYSIOLOGY 



the qualities of the persons illustrated and of 

 tin- nicety with which their features reveal 

 their trait.-. No true verification was at- 

 tempted; and his attempts to read the char- 

 r of heads failed when the personality was 

 unknown. 



As practiced by Lavater. physiognomy he- 

 comes a convincing example of the worthless- 

 of general i/at ions founded upon a mere 

 impression, and, still more, of the- readim 

 with which a worthy enthusiast can decei\. 

 him>elf and make others believe that such un- 

 founded cone! on fact. Prepossession, 

 deluMon (i. e.. unconsciously making the fea- 

 ture- fit the known qualities of the subject), 

 along with u shrewdness in the interpretation 

 of human nature which sympathetic experi- 

 brings such is the basis of physiognomy. 

 Hut in the hands of quacks physiognomy was 

 mingled with all sorts of "occult" lore and 

 fortune telling, and it> distorted vestiges may 

 he found in the cheap hand books that in- 

 -irurt the credulous how to read character and 

 command fate. 



The true -cirntilic view of the meaning of 



ires and expression began with the tn 

 of Sir Charles Hell (1806) and WM markedly 

 advanced by the work of Darwin (1872), who 

 showed that the expressions of the emotions 

 were associated serviceable habits, once really 

 useful, and now refined miniatures, suggestive 

 of their ancient service. Thus we sneer and 

 raise the lip, while the dog snarls and shows 

 his teeth as a threat. Naturally the tendency 

 to assume certain types of expression, notably 

 fear and anger, may give a set to the fean 



.. h.ir-h expressions are contracted with 

 gentle and kindly ones. The human feature.-. 

 in terms of expression, contain a most inter- 

 esting story; but the spirit of inquiry that 

 led to their decipherment is wholly opposed to 

 that which favored the pseudo-scientific no- 

 tions of physiognomy. jj. 



Hrlatrd MuhjrcfH. The following articles, 

 while not hearing on physiognomy, are of Interest 

 In this connection, as many of them deal with 



( the |>.vMido-sci, M. 

 my Occult 



'<>gy Palrn 



Clalt Phrenology 



Psychical Research 

 itlon cho-Analysls 



I'ulthCure 'itiiallsin 



Suggestion 



).. 

 im 



Mind Reading 



ifl 



PHYSIOGRAPHY, fiziog'rafi, a term 

 t ideally employed to cover the entire range of 

 physical geography. It is explained under that 

 title. 



PHYSIOLOGY, fiziol'oji. Human physi- 

 ology treats of the processes and changes which 

 take place during life in the tissues and organs 

 of the human system. In the ordinary accept- 



of the term physiology means the &c' t . 

 ami art of prcwri'ing health. Since a knowl- 

 of the structure of the organs in the >\ 

 tem i- e ential to an understanding of their 

 functions, the study of physiology requires au 

 investigation into the elementary facts of 

 anatomy, and for this reason these subjects are 

 usually studied together. 



The statutes of all the states of the United 

 States and of the provinces of Canada require 

 physiology and hygiene to be taught in the 

 public schools. Every person should ha 

 knowledge of the elementary facts and prin- 

 ciples of tins science, for the following reason.- 



1. Kvery one. for his own good, should i 



such a knowledge of physiology as is necessary t.. 

 U-a.r him to live intelligently in accordant with 

 the laws of health. 



2. A community must rely upon a knowledge 

 of physiology and hygiene of its members for 

 the enactment and enforcement of such sanitary 

 measures as are necessary to the public health. 



3. A knowledge of the injurious effects ..f 

 stimulants and narcotics : such information exerts 

 a strong influence against their use. 



The early history of physiology is obscure, 

 but we know that for many centuries the prac- 

 tice of medicine was founded more upon tra- 

 dition and superstition than upon scientific 

 facts. Gradually, however, superstition L 

 place to -cirntific knowledge. Modern pi 

 ology began with the di-c<>\< r\ of the circula- 

 tion of the blood by William Haney in Ifrjs. 

 since tin \ u.uked a revolution m 



most of the accepted theories then underlying 

 medical practice. The ne\t gnat di-c.- 

 was that of the lymphatic system, in 1651. 

 Since the discovery' of tin cell .-tincture of 

 tissues physiologic , has made rapid 



advancement. This progress is recorded in th- 

 \ irious articles relating to physiology. 



Consult Gulfck'a Hygiene Series; KHI<>KK '* 

 Animals and Man; Cavanagh's The Care of th> 

 Body; Allen's Thr Man Wonderful. 



HrlHfiMl Suhjrrt*. At the , l,..o of 111. 

 ANATOMY Is given a list of the topics In ' 



\iilumrs which relate t.. |>hvsil,.i:v ..; ! 



No attempt is made to separate physiological 



It. .11, subjects 



closely related. Th render Is also refn 



In t! IXR AND I'! 



