PIN 



4676 



PINCKNEY 



length. The immediate forerunner of the toilet 

 pin in common use to-day was a pin made of 



vire. It had a head consisting of 

 of fine wire wound around one end of the shank 

 and soldered to it ; there are people still living 

 who remember pins of that style. In 1824 

 Lemuel Wright, an American, obtained a pat- 

 ent for a machine to make pins out of a single 

 piece of wire. Wright's machine has been 

 greatly improved, but its invention was tin- 

 first step in the modern method of pin manu- 

 facture. 



Pin Making. The pins used to-day are turned 

 out with incredible rapidity by a wonder- 

 fully ingenious machine, into which brass win-. 

 is fed from a reel (see WIRE). The wire is 

 straightened, cut into proper lengths and seized 

 by lateral jaws beyond which just enough of 

 the wire protrudes to form a head. A blow 

 from a die flattens and shapes this end into the 

 head. The pins are then carried forward until 



li 



7 ~ 



o 



_Q 

 _Q 







00 STANDARD SIZES OP PINS 



the lower end is brought into contact with re- 

 volving files, which grind the point. The pins 

 arc thus shaped, and only the finishing remains 

 to be done. This is accomplished by boiling 

 them for several hours in a preparation of tin. 

 They are then washed and given a higher polish 

 by being rolled in a cylinder filled with bran 

 or fine sawdust. 



The machine which sticks the pins into the 

 papers in which they are sold is hardly less in- 

 genious than that which forms them. It crimps 

 the paper and thrusts the pins in place at the 

 same time. From a hopper the pins are con- 

 veyed to a plate containing as many slots as 

 there are to be pins in a row in the packet. 

 The paper, properly crimped, is brought against 

 the pointed ends of the row of pins, and a tap 

 on the heads thrusts the pins into place. The 

 whole operation is very rapid. M.R.T. 



GIFFORD PINCHOT 



PINCHOT, pin'ithu, CIFFOKU (1865- ), a 

 : in the movement for the conservation 

 and replenishment of America's timber supply. 

 Some of the results of his years of labor are 

 stated in these volumes in the article CONSER- 

 VATION. Pinchot 

 was born at Sims- 

 bury. Conn., of 

 well - to - do par- 

 ents. After 

 graduating from 

 Vale, where he 

 earned the repu- 

 tation of being 

 "mad on trees," 

 he studied for- 

 estry in France, 

 Germany, Swit- 

 zerland and Aus- 

 tria. On his re- 

 turn to America 

 he began his first systematic work in forestry 

 at Biltmore, N. C., on the estates of George W. 

 Vanderbilt. In 1896 he was made a member 

 of the National Forest Commission, and in 1898 

 was appointed chief of the Division of Forestry. 

 In 1901 this department became the Bureau of 

 Forestry and since 1905 has been known as the 

 Forest Service of the United States Department 

 of Agriculture. He served as its chief until 

 1910, when he was elected president of the 

 National Conservation Committee. Besides 

 serving on various other committees, since 1903 

 he has been a professor of forestry at Vale. 

 The School of Forestry at that institution was 

 founded by himself and his brother Amos. 



The remarkable organization and extensive 

 work of the Forest Service is the best testimony 

 to his energy, wisdom and executive ability. 

 He is the author of The White Pine (in col- 

 laboration with Professor H. S. Graves), The 

 Adirondack Spruce, A Primer o} Forestry and 

 many papers and magazine articles. See CON- 

 SERVATION ; FORESTS AND FORESTRY. 



PINCKNEY, pink'ni, CHARLKS COTESWORTH 

 (1746-1825), an American statesman and sol- 

 dier of the Revolutionary and early national 

 periods. He was born at Charleston, S. C., and 

 was educated in England and in France. At the 

 time of the break between England and the 

 colonies he was practicing law in Charleston. 

 Pinckney was an enthusiastic member of the 

 first provincial congress called by South Caro- 

 lina, and he entered the army when hostilities 

 began. During the war he served as aid-de- 

 camp to Washington and rose to the rank of 



