PIUS 



4691 



PIUS 



PI' US, the name of ten Popes, all except 

 one or two of whom won a permanent place in 

 history. Two of them lived within the memory 

 of millions of the world's present population, a 

 unusual in the history of the Papal sue- 

 on. 



Pius H, Pope from 1458 to 1464, was known 

 before his accession as AENEAS SYLVIUS. His 

 unusual ability was evident in his yguth, and 

 h was employed in several important posts 

 while still a young man. Especially at the 

 Council of Basel in 1431 did he show his pow- 

 ers, succeeding by his reasoning and his oratory 

 in reconciling the Emperor Frederick III and 

 flic Papacy. He took priestly orders in 1447, 

 was made bishop of Siena in 1449, and in 1456 

 received a cardinal's hat. After his election to 

 the Papal chair in 1458 he attempted to or- 

 ganize a crusade against the Turks, but found 

 the old holy enthusiasm hard to rouse. He 

 persisted in his efforts and at last actually as- 

 M nibled a force, of which he himself was to be 

 the head, but he died before the expedition 

 could set sail. A scholar of note, interested in 

 the new learning, he left works which secured 

 him lasting fame. 



Pius IV was Pope from 1559 to 1565. In his 

 young manhood he was a lawyer and as such 

 was employed on several important diplomatic 

 missions, but later entered the Church, be- 

 coming archbishop in 1545 and cardinal in 1549. 

 Early in 1562 he reassembled the famous Coun- 

 cil of Trent, which continued its sessions until 

 December, 1563, and at its close published U 

 an embodiment of the doctrines denned by it 

 Creed of Pius IV, which must be accepted 

 by all taking Orders in the Roman Catholic 

 Church, and by all converts. Pius IV was more 

 conciliatory in his attitude toward the Protes- 

 tants than his predecessors had been. 



Pius V, Pope from 1566 to 1572, was born in 

 1504, in Lombardy. As a member of the Do- 

 minican Order from his fifteenth year he dis- 

 tmu'ui-hed himself by the severity of his life 

 and his asceticism. In 1557 he was made a 

 cardinal, and in the following year he became 

 grand inquisitor I'm the Roman Catholic world. 

 In 1566 he succeeded Pius IV. He was zealous 

 for reform, and promoted in every possible way 



the Count. T-Heformatlon. KllZ.d>eth of ! 



land was excommunicated by him, and Charles 



I \ of France was encouraged in 



against the Huguenots. Most important of all 



lnevements was the formation of the Holy 



cue against the Turks, in which the States 



of tin- Church were joined l>v Spain and Venice 



It was this league which so thoroughly defeated 

 the Turks in the Battle of Lepanto, in l.">71 

 Pius V was the last Pope to be canonized. 



Pius VI was elected to the Papal chair in 

 177."). having been made a cardinal two years 

 earlier. The early part of his reign was taken 

 up with disputes with the Emperor Joseph II, 

 who had declared that all the religious Orders 

 within the empire were independent of Papal 

 control. More serious disturbances came later, 

 however, after the outbreak of the French 

 Revolution. During his invasion of Italy in 

 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte forced from tin- 

 Pope, who had favored the allies, a treaty giv- 

 ing up certain territory; and in the next year 

 the French entered Rome, proclaimed a repub- 

 lic and took bodily possession of the Pope. He 

 was carried to Siena, to Grenoble, and later to 

 Valence, where he died (see NAPOLEON I). 



Pius VII was one of the most important 

 Popes who ever bore this name. He was born 

 at Cesena in 1742, became a Benedictine monk 

 and rose rapidly in the Church until, in 1785, 

 he was created a cardinal. In 1800 he 

 elected to the Papacy and was allowed to enter 

 Rome, although the city was in the hands of 

 the French. As Napoleon was desirous of re- 

 storing religion to its former place in France, 

 an agreement was concluded, and in 1804 tin- 

 Pope went to Paris and crowned Napoleon em- 

 peror. The friendly relations between the two 

 had already been somewhat strained, and after 

 this time they became more so, until, in 1809, 

 Napoleon declared the States of the Church an- 

 nexed to French territory. The Pope at once 

 issued a bull of excommunication against the 

 emperor, and was in consequence arrested and 

 taken to Savona and afterward to Fontaine- 

 bleau. After Napoleon's downfall, Pius re- 

 turned to Rome, and the Congress of Vienna 

 restored to him all the former territories of the 

 Church. During the quiet remainder of his 

 n he showed himself active in opposition 

 to secret societies and in the reestablish mcnt of 

 the .le-uits. Pius VII was a man of simple, up- 

 nuht life. 



Pius IX was in the Papal chair at the time of 

 the formation of the kingdom of Italy, and was 

 thus the last of the Popes to wield temporal 

 power II \\as born at Sinigaglia in 1792. en- 

 tered the Church in 1819 and by 1827 had risen 

 to the rank of archbishop. In 1840 he was 

 made a cardinal, and six years later, on tin- 

 death of Gregory XVI. ed Pope. Be- 

 forr -ion to the Papacy he had shown 

 d tendencies, and his earliest acts as Pope 



