PIUS 



PIZARRO 



seemed to promise a liberal ami popular gov- 

 ernment ; but the ev : < t oo revo- 

 lutionary, and in November of tli.it year ho 

 was compelled to flee from Rome, which pro- 

 claimed itself a republic. By the aid of the 

 French he was reestablished, and from that 

 time showed himself strongly conservative. 



He opposed the attempted union of Italy 

 under Victor Emmanuel, and refused to yield 

 or to make concessions until, in 1870, the French 

 forces which had defended him in his temporal 

 power were withdrawn, and Rome became the 

 capital of united Italy. The Pope persisted in 

 regarding himself as a prisoner, and shut him- 

 self up in the Vatican. Through these troubled 

 times he had bestowed most of his attention 

 upon Church matters, leaving political ques- 

 tions to his legates. He recalled the Jesuits, es- 

 tablished anew the hierarchy in England, de- 

 fined, in 1854, the dogma of the Immaculate 

 Conception of the Virgin Mary, and in 1870 

 promulgated the doctrine of Papal infallibility. 



Pius X (1835-1914), born GIUSEPPE SARTO, 

 one of the most beloved of recent occupants of 

 the Papal throne. His parents lived near Ven- 

 ice, and the family were humble peasants. He 

 studied at Treviso and at Padua, and in 1858 



POPE PIUS X 



was ordained and made assistant priest at Tom- 

 bolo. In this, as in his later pastorates, he 

 showed the simple goodness and the sympathy 

 for the poor and oppressed which remained 

 characteristic of him throughout his life. In 

 1884 he was consecrated bishop of Mantua; in 

 1893 he became a cardinal and patriarch of 

 Venice, and his able and effective work in that 



diocese won him election to the Papacy in 1903, 

 upon the death of Leo ( XIII. During his Pa- 

 pacy the Chmvh was disestablished in France 

 and in Portugal. Pius X was involved in a con- 

 troversy with the extreme Modernists and is- 

 sued several letters protesting against the in- 

 troduction into religious matters of the very 

 radical tendencies of the day. He raised to the 

 cardinalate in 1911 three American archbishops, 

 Falconio, Farley and O'Connell. Pope Pius 

 died on August 20, 1914, his death having been 

 hastened, it is believed, by grief over the out- 

 break of the War of the Nations. He was suc- 

 ceeded by Cardinal Delia Chiesa, who assumed 

 the title of Benedict XV. A.MC c. 



For the details of the struggle of the Popes for 

 temporal power and its ultimate loss, see POPE ; 

 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. Consult Ady's Pius II, 

 Humanist Pope; DeCesare's Last Days of Papal 

 Rome; Waal's Life of Pope Pius X (translation 

 by Berg) ; Von Ranke's History of the Popes. 



PIZARRO, pizahr'o, FRANCISCO (1471-1541), 

 an illegitimate son of a Spaniard, Gonsalvo Pi- 

 zarro, who rose from obscurity to become a 

 great Spanish explorer and crowned his life 

 work by conquering Peru. In his early years 

 he seems to have had little care and no educa- 

 tion. When news came of the discovery of 

 the New World he crossed the Atlantic with 

 Ojeda (1510), with whom he remained several 

 years. Pizarro accompanied Balboa on the ex- 

 pedition which discovered the Pacific Ocean; 

 under another adventure, in 1519, he received 

 a grant of land in Panama and engaged in cat- 

 tle farming there. A few years later, forming a 

 partnership with Diego de Almagro and Father 

 Luque, he explored the western coast of South 

 America. Pizarro succeeded in landing on the 

 island of Gallo, in face of native opposition, 

 and Almagro returned north for assistance. 

 The governor of Panama sent an expedition to 

 bring the adventurers home, but Pizarro re- 

 fused to return, and called for volunteers to 

 assist him in the exploration he had determined 

 to make. Thirteen men remained to share his 

 hardships, and they explored as far as the Bay 

 of Guayaquil, returning with proofs of the rich- 

 ness of the country. 



Finding the governor of Panama but little 

 interested in his explorations, Pizarro deter- 

 mined to apply to the Spanish king. Arriving 

 in Spain in 1528, he persuaded Charles V to 

 help him, and on July 25, 1529, at Toledo, the 

 famous agreement was signed making Pizarro 

 governor and captain-general of the province of 

 New Castile for 200 leagues along the coast. 



