PLEBEIANS 



4706 



PLEIADES 



assists the little child in learning to play by 

 teaching it games in which she joins. When 

 the boy has reached the age of eight he needs 

 and should have his father's help in his games. 

 All parents should remember that time which 

 the child devotes to play is most profitably 

 spent, provided the play is of the right sort. 



Much can be done in helping children to use 

 to their best advantage the seven or eight hours 

 a day in which they are not in school or asleep, 

 by teaching them how to play. Playground 

 associations, Y. M. C. A.'s and institutional 

 churches are doing this work for the children 

 of large cities, but wherever it is possible the 

 work should be done by the parents. 



Teachers should introduce new games and 

 assist the pupils in learning them. This is 

 especially needed in rural schools, where often 

 the pupils know but little about play. 



"The child plays not because he is young, 

 but he is young because he plays." All parents 

 and teachers should keep young. W.F.R. 



Consult Wood's Children's Play and Its Place 

 in Education; Johnson's Education by Play and 

 Games, and his Play in Education ; Curtis' s Prac- 

 tical Conduct of Play. 



Related Subjects. In connection with this 

 discussion of play the reader is referred to the 

 following articles in these volumes : 

 Amusements (with list) Games and Plays 

 Athletics (with list) Kindergarten 

 Child Story-Telling 



Dolls, Paper Toys 



Education 



PLEBEIANS , pie be ' yanz, the lower class in 

 ancient Rome, as opposed to the patricians. 

 Originally there was no such class, the popula- 

 tion of Rome consisting only of the patricians 

 with their slaves and clients, who had neither 

 political rights nor personal freedom. As the 

 Latin towns in the territory about Rome were 

 gradually brought into subjection, numbers of 

 their inhabitants were taken to Rome, and 

 while a few were admitted to the patrician 

 ranks, most of them were kept in subject rela- 

 tion to the original Romans, thus forming the 

 nucleus of the plebeian order, which in time 

 far surpassed the patricians in number. 



The plebeians might hold land, but they had 

 no political rights, and they were not even al- 

 lowed to intermarry with the higher class. 

 Some few privileges were allowed them under 

 the later kings, but it was not until the time 

 of the republic that they made a determined 

 stand and demanded equal rights with the pa- 

 tricians. After they had gained permission to 

 appoint tribunes to protect their interests, their 



progress toward political equality was rapid, 

 and in the third century B.C. the two classes 

 were made practically one, with no distinction 

 before the law. See PATRICIAN. 



PLEHVE, pla'veh, VIATSCHESLAF KONSTAN- 

 TINOVICH (1846-1904), a Russian statesman 

 who, because of his steady support of auto- 

 cratic principles, incurred the lasting hatred of 

 the Poles, Jews and Finns, and was killed by a 

 bomb which was thrown under his carriage. 

 He was born in Poland, the son of a poor noble, 

 was educated at Warsaw, and later studied law 

 in Petrograd. In the latter city he rose rapidly 

 to the post of assistant solicitor-general. In 

 1881, acting with the Minister of the Interior, 

 he attracted the notice of the czar by his able 

 investigation of the assassination of Alexan- 

 der II. 



In 1894 he became Secretary of State, and in 

 1902 was appointed Minister of the Interior. 

 Plehve earned the bitter hatred of the alien 

 provinces within Russia by his stern methods 

 of dealing with the mixed Russian masses. 

 Though logical of mind, fearless and sincere in 

 his beliefs, he opposed all liberal reform as 

 productive of a dangerous middle class. Early 

 in 1904 an unsuccessful attempt was made upon 

 his life, and in July another attempt resulted 

 in his assassination by one of the Socialist 

 Revolutionary party. His policies did much to 

 increase the discontent of Russia's millions, and 

 possibly hastened the revolution which in 1917 

 drove the czar from his throne. 



Pteone* -,-' * 

 Atlas 



) Celoeno 

 * 



>-;*)" 



Many a night I saw the Pleiads, rising thro' the 



yellow shade, 

 Glitter like a swarm of fire-flies tangled in a 



silver braid. 



TENNYSON : Locksley Hall. 



PLEIADES, ple'adeez, a cluster of stars, of 

 which six are visible to the naked eye and a 

 seventh is easily discernible with the aid of a 



