POPE 



4757 



POPE 



simony (buying and selling ecclesiastical of- 

 fices) , thereby accomplishing much for the spir- 

 itual elevation of the Papacy. During the 

 pontificate of Innocent III, from 1198 to 1216, 

 nearly every European ruler acknowledged the 

 sovereignty of the Church. One of the heavi- 

 est blows to the temporal and spiritual power 

 of the Pope was the removal of the Papal court 

 from Rome to Avignon, France, in 1305, by 

 Clement V, when the "seventy years' captivity" 

 began. During this period all the Popes were 

 French, and French influence prevailed, which 

 greatly diminished Papal prestige. The return 

 of the Popes to Rome was the beginning of the 

 Great Schism of the West, but the Council of 

 Constance restored order by the election of 

 Martin V, in 1417. With the waning of tem- 

 poral power, the spiritual supremacy of the 

 Pope became more and more emphasized until 

 attacked by the Protestant Reformation, which 

 denied the dogmatic and moral teachings of the 

 Church. The answer of the Church was clearly 

 defined by the Council of Trent (1545-1563). 

 See REFORMATION, THE. 



The Papacy received another severe blow 

 when Pius VI, after the conquest of Italy by 

 Napoleon Bonaparte, was compelled to sign 

 the Treaty of Tolentino (1797), thereby suffer- 

 ing civat tirritorial loss. During the reign of 

 Pius IX the Piedmont government, to promote 

 Italian unity, transgressed upon the Church 

 domain. This ended in the seizure of Rome in 

 1870, when it was made the capital of United 

 Italy (see ITALY, subtitle History of Italy). 

 Pope, shorn of all temporal power, remains 

 in Rome, living in the Vatican, where he 

 maintains his own government, and outside 

 of which he never appears. To Leo XIII, a 

 man of rare intellectual power, is due the 

 present spiritual influence of the Church, which 

 never has been greater than in the twentieth 

 ;ry. 



The income of the Pope is derived from t In- 

 voluntary contribution of the faithful, known 

 as "Peter's pence." 



Subjoined is a list of the Popes, verified by 

 Roman Notizie (official register), with the 

 dates of the beginning of their pontificates. 

 The names of antipopes are printed in it:iln>; 

 an asten * that a biographical *k- 



is included in these volumes: 



..A. n. 42 



St. Lin I .66 



I . . 91 



. . 100 



. 108 

 St. Sixt i 



logphoru*. . . K'7 



Xinus 13'J 



is I 142 



St. Anlcetus . . 



St. Soterua 168 



St. EleutherluH ... 177 



St. Victor 1 193 



St. Zephirinus . . . 202 



*St. Calixtus I 217 



St. Urban 1 223 



St. Pontianus 230 



St. Anterus 235 



St. Fabian 236 



St. Cornelius 250 



St. Lucius I No- 



vatianus 252 



St. Stephen 1 253 



St. Sixtus II 257 



St. Dionysius 259 



St. Felix 1 269 



St. Eutychianus. . 275 



St. Caius 283 



St. Marcellinus. . . 296 



(See vacant 3 

 years and 6 

 months. ) 



St. Marcellus I.. . 308 



St. Eusebius 310 



St. Melchiades or 



Miltiades 311 



St. Sylvester I 314 



St. Marcus 336 



*St. Julius 1 337 



Liberius 352 



St. Felix II (some- 

 times reckoned 



an antipope) . . . 355 



St. Damasus I. ... 366 



St. Siricius 384 



St. Anastasius I. . 398 



*St. Innocent I. . . 402 



St. Zosimus 417 



St. Boniface I 



Eulalins 418 



St. Celestine I 422 



St. Sixtus III 432 



St. L e o I, the 



Great 440 



St. Hilary 461 



St. Simplicius .... 468 



St. Felix III 483 



St. Gelasius I 492 



St. Anastasius II. 496 



St. Sytnmachus . . 498 

 St. Hormisdas 



Lawrence 514 



St. John 1 623 



St. Felix IV 526 



Boniface II Di- 



oscorus 530 



John II 533 



St. Agaiu'tus I ... 535 



St. Sylverius .... 536 



Vigilius 537 



PelaKius I 555 



John III 660 



Benedict (I) Bono- 



sus 574 



Pelagius II 578 



St. Gregory I. the 



Great 690 



Sablnlanus 604 



Boniface III 607 



St. Bonifa. > IV.., 608 



St. Deusdedit 616 



Boniface V 613 



Honorius I 626 



(See vacant l 

 year and 7 

 months. 



. . 610 



. . 640 



Theodoras I 642 



St. Mai I . . 649 



. 654 



St. Vltallanus 667 



Adeotatus 672 



l>onuM or Domnus 



. 676 



. . 678 



St. Lr. .. 682 



John V 686 



Conon 



ni . . 686 



St. SericiuM 1 687 



. :i 



. . 708 



. . 708 



St. Gregory II ____ Tir, 



St. Gref^.ry III. . . 731 

 St. ZacharV ...... 7^1 



Stephen II (died 



before consecra- 



tion) ......... 752 



Stephen III ..... 752 



St. Paul I Con- 



stantine ; Theo- 



phylactus : Phil- 



ip ............ 757 



Stephen IV ...... 768 



Adrian I ........ 772 



St. Leo III ...... 795 



Stephen V ....... 816 



St. Paschal 1 ..... 817 



Eugenius II ..... 824 



Valentinus ...... 827 



Gregory IV ...... 827 



Sergius II ....... 844 



St. Leo IV ....... 847 



Benedict III An- 



astasins ....... 855 



St. Nicholas I ---- 858 



Adrian II ........ 867 



John VIII ....... 872 



Marinus I, or Mar- 



tin II ......... 882 



Adrian III ....... 884 



Stephen VI ...... 885 



Formosus ....... 891 



Boniface VI 



(reigned only 18 



days) ......... 896 



Stephen VII ..... 896 



Romanus ........ 897 



Theodorus II 



Seryiua III ..... 898 



John IX ......... 898 



Benedict IV ..... 900 



Leo V ........... 903 



Christopher ...... 903 



Sergius III ...... 904 



Anastasius III.. . . 911 



Lando ........... 913 



John X .......... 914 



Leo VI .......... 928 



Stephen VIII ..... 929 



John XI ......... 931 



Leo VII ......... 936 



Stephen IX ...... 939 



Marinus II. <>v M.ir- 



tin III ........ 943 



Agapetus II ...... 946 



John XII / 



VIII -. 955 



...... 964 



John XIII ....... 965 



Benedict VI ... 

 Donus or Domnus 



II . . .. 974 



Benedict V 1 1 ..... 975 

 John XIV --/;> i- 



.:..M 



.John X 



n xvil or 



. .1003 

 1009 

 BeiUMli. t vill 



Grco .1012 



John" XV I 1 I .T 



.1024 



posed) John 

 XX .. ......... 1033 



Gregory VI Syl- 

 vester III ..... 1046 



Clement II ...... 1046 



Daman us I I 

 Benedict IX 

 t.'in; ' 



tho t! .1048 



*8t. Leo IX ...... 1049 



I! ....... 1066 



...... 1067 



...... 1068 



-li . . .1068 

 Alex a ml< t II 

 Honorius II . ..1061 



