POPE 



475S 



POPE 



Gregory VII 

 ( Hildebrand ) 



Clement III 1073 



(See vacant 1 

 year. ) 



Victor III 1086 



Urban II 1088 



Paschal II 1099 



Gelasius II Greg- 

 ory VIII 11 IS 



Calixtus II 1113 



Honorius II 



lestine II 1124 



Innocent II A n- 

 aclctns II: Vic- 

 tor IV 1130 



Celestine II 1143 



Lucius II 1144 



Eugenius III 1145 



.<ius IV . . .1153 



Adrian IV . Nich- 

 olas Breakspear. 

 an Englishman). 1164 



Alexander III 

 e t o r V ; 

 Paschal III : Ca- 

 lixtus III: Inno- 



III 1159 



Lucius III 1181 



Urban III 1185 



Gregory VIII . .1187 



Clement III . . .1187 



Celestine III . .1191 



Innocent III . . .1198 



Honorius III .. .1216 



Gregory IX 1227 



Celestine IV 1241 



(See vacant 1 

 year and 7 

 months.) 



Innocent IV 1243 



Alexander IV 1254 



Urban IV 1261 



Clement IV 1265 



(See vacant 2 

 years and 9 

 months.) 



Gregory X 1271 



Innocent V 1276 



Adrian V 1276 



John XIX or XX 

 or XXI 1276 



Nicholas III 1277 



Martin IV 1281 



Honorius IV 1285 



Nicholas IV 1288 



(See vacant 2 

 years and 3 

 months.) 



St. Celestine V. .1294 



Boniface VIII ..1294 



Benedict XI 1303 



Clement V ( pa- 

 pacy removed to 



Avignon) 1305 



(See vacant 2 

 years and 3 

 months.) 



John XXII 1316 



Benedict XII 

 Nicholas V at 

 Rome 1334 



See CARDINAL; ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, in 

 these volumes. Consult Von Ranke's History of 

 the Popes during the Last Four Centuries (trans- 

 lated by Foster) ; Allies' The Throne of the Fish- 

 erman; Krtiger's The Papacy, Its Idea and Its 

 Exponents. j.s.c. 



POPE, ALEXANDER (1688-1744), the most emi- 

 nent English poet of the age of Queen Anne. 

 He was born in London, of a Roman Catholic 

 family. Because of his religion, his education 

 was acquired in private schools and from tu- 

 tors. Much of his learning, however, was the 

 result of his own unaided and unsystematic 



Clement VI 1342 



Innocent VI 1352 



Urban \-Clei, 



VII 1362 



Gregory XI 

 (throne restored 



to Rome) 1370 



Urban VI 1378 



Boniface IX 

 Benedict XIII 



at Avignon 1389 



Innocent VII 1404 



Gregory XII 1406 



Alexander V 1409 



John XXIII 1410 



Martin V Cle- 

 ment VIII 1417 



Eugenius IV Fe- . 



lix V 1431 



Nicholas V 1447 



ralixtus III 1455 



Pius II 1458 



Paul II 1464 



Sixtus IV 1471 



Innocent VIII 1484 



Alexander VI... 1492 



Pius III 1503 



Julius II 1503 



Leo X 1513 



Adrian VI 1522 



Clement VII 1523 



Paul III 1534 



Julius III 1550 



Marcellus II 1555 



Paul IV 1555 



Pius IV 1559 



St. Pius V 1566 



Gregory XIII 1572 



*Sixtus V 1585 



Urban VII 1590 



Gregory XIV 1590 



Innocent IX 1591 



Clement VIII 1592 



Leo XI 1605 



Paul V 1605 



Gregory XV 1621 



Urban VIII 1623 



Innocent X 1644 



Alexander VII 1655 



Clement IX 1667 



Clement X 1670 



Innocent XI . .1676 



Alexander VIII. 

 Innocent XII.. 



.1689 

 .1691 



Clement XI 1700 



Innocent XIII. .1721 

 Benedict XIII. .1724 

 Clement XII.. . .1730 

 Benedict XIV .1740 

 Clement XIII.. .1750 

 Clement XIV. .1769 



Pius VI 1775 



Pius VII 1800 



Leo XII 1825 



Pius VIII 1829 



Gregory XVI 1831 



Pius IX 1846 



Leo XIII .......1878 



Pius X 1903 



Benedict XV 1914 



study of languages and literature. He was un- 

 usually precocious, and composed an Ode to 

 Solitude when but twelve years old. 



In 1719, having fully made up his mind to 

 devote himself to poetry, which had always 

 been first among his interests, he went with 

 his mother to 

 live in a villa at 

 Twickenham o n 

 the Thames, 

 where the rest of 

 his life was spent. 

 He had already 

 published two of 

 his greatest works, 

 the Essay on 

 Criticism, in 

 which the stand- 

 ards of literary ALEXANDER POPE 



judgment are set Though deformed and sick- 

 ly, dwarfish in soul and body, 

 forth in elegant, "with little knowledge of the 



flowine verse and world , of ?'?; tu , re or L th( i hu ' 

 1 man heart, he was the fore- 



The Rape of the most poet of his age. 

 Lock, a mock-heroic epic, filled with sprightly 

 humor and bright fancy and enlivened by the 

 introduction of sylphs who control the develop- 

 ment of the plot. The Wife of Bath and The 

 Temple of Fame, adapted from. Chaucer, next 

 appeared. The most profitable of his undertak- 

 ings from a money point of view was the trans- 

 lation of the Iliad and the Odyssey, the latter 

 largely the work of assistants. Though excel- 

 lent in themselves, these translations fail to 

 preserve the simplicity of the original poems. 

 Following these came the Bathos, or the Art of 

 Sinking in Poetry, and the famous Dunciad, 

 both directed against critics and adversaries, and 

 both bitter as only Pope knew how to be. The 

 fourth book of the Dunciad, written on pur- 

 pose to ridicule Colley Gibber, the poet laureate, 

 was not added until seventeen years later. 

 Pope's last works were the Moral Essays, in- 

 cluding the much-quoted Essay on Man and 

 the excellent satires called Imitations from 

 Horace. 



Pope is one of the most unusual of literary 

 personalities. A hunchback from early child- 

 hood, and keenly sensitive to criticism, he was 

 misled by his vanity and irritability into most 

 malicious attacks on those who stirred up his 

 envy or hatred. He turned on Addison, one of 

 his best friends, and assailed him in an unjusti- 

 fiable manner, but Addison bore it all with 

 good humor. Pope was, however, capable of 

 appreciation and of real loyalty to his friends, 

 among whom were numbered such men as 



