PORTUGAL 



17sl 



PORTUGAL 



though the picturesque ox teams are still seen in rural districts 

 and small towns, the automobile and motor trucks are the 

 modern city conveyances. The large rivers, dotted with the 

 bright-hued sails of the small boats of the vine growers, are 

 the chief commercial highways to the seaports. Portugal's for- 

 eign trade with Great Britain, Germany, Brazil and the United 



s is largely carried in English ships. 



Religion, Language and Literature. Until 1910, when the 

 republic was established, Roman Catholicism was the state re- 

 ligion of Portugal. The Church has now been separated from 

 the state, and all forms of worship are permitted. Although 

 the Roman Catholics of Portugal were never as zealous as 

 those of Spain and their religion is less conspicuous, they are 

 rtheless incensed with the laws regarding the Church which 

 been passed by the republic. There is no affectation of 

 the splendor and mystery of the Spanish churches, and no con- 

 celebration of mass. There are 5,000,000 Roman Catho- 

 lics and 40,000 other professed religionists in Portugal. 



Cervantes said the Portuguese language was "Castilian with- 

 out the bones." It is based on Latin, as is Spanish, but dif- 

 fers from the latter in accent and pronunciation. It lacks vigor 

 and force, and has a soft, wailing cadence. 



Portugal's literature is of a distinctly national character. Be- 

 ginning with the songs of the troubadours (which see), cele- 

 brating the coi: > r the barbarians and Moors, it reached 

 it-; height in the work of Camoes, in the sixteenth century. 

 literary production of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries 

 was chiefly theology, written in Latin; the legends of Arthur 

 popular in the fourteenth century, and introduced the 

 into Portu-'M - literature; in the fifteenth century the 

 influence of the Italian Renaissance was felt and lyrics and 

 written. The nineteenth century produced Al- 

 the poet, and Herculano, the historian, both of 

 whom .-how the democratic spirit of the age* and the influence 

 mli.-li an<l French romanticism. Guerra Junqueiro, born 

 in IS most prominent modern poet of Portugal. He 

 is a singer of revolution, a friend of the humble, and was the 

 voice of the republican spirit which brought about Portugal's 



change of government. 



In art, Portugal is not distinguished except for the Manuel- 



ine arehiterture, a type belonging peculiarly to Portugal and 



.ing Manuel. "Tin- Fortunate," who originated it. 



v of the castles and cathedrals are examples of this style. 



Education. Primary education is compulsory, and is rigidly 



< ed in the cities. As early as 1844 public instniction was 



i ml tin re were then seventeen secondary 



schools, having a high grade of teachers. In lull there were 



1 elementary and thirty-two secondary schools, also normal 



mg courses in the Universities at Lisbon, Coimbra and 



Oporto. Lisbon and Oporto each have polytechnic, nn 



the Institute General of At 

 if oval and Marine observatories and the Aca<l< n 

 are also at Lisbon. The state supports valuable public 

 ri. and there is a free library in Oporto. In spite of 

 in i ties 68.9 per he people over 



ars of age (1911) were unable to v 



LEON AND CASTILE 



X- < 



NortfieTn'rVfof^^ 

 Present- day Fbrt J 

 ugal.a Christian 

 5tate.H50A.D. : 



1 



LEON 



AND 



CASTILE 



MOORISH 

 TERRITORY 



TheKim 

 Extended^ 

 ia30 A.Dj 



SPAIN 



Portugal. 



