PREPOSITION 



4S09 



PRESBYTERIANS 



As a general rule it is more harmonious to 

 place the preposition before its object, but 

 there is no reason why such a rule should be 

 blindly enforced in contradiction to the idiom 

 of the language. 



Parsing the Preposition. The two essentials 

 in parsing a preposition are to name its object 

 and to point out the word modified by the 

 phrase it introduces. 



Type Sentence: "There may be worship with- 

 out words." Without is a preposition of ex- 

 clusion, showing the relation between its object, 

 words, and the antecedent, worship. The entire 

 phrase, without words, answers the question 

 t kind? and limits worship in an adjectival 

 sense. 



Common Errors. Only a comparatively few 

 of the cases of misused prepositions we meet 

 in the hurried, careless talk of every day can 

 be touched upon in the following list. Unfor- 

 tunately there are few cut-and-dried rules that 

 can be formulated for the guidance of the stu- 

 dent. 



This is between you and I, for This is between 

 you and me. According to rule, the object of a 

 preposition is in the objective case ; in the case 

 of a compound object, the rule naturally covers 

 both elements. This is an exceedingly common 

 ike and one which, strange to say, abounds 

 particularly in the speech of those who pride 

 themselves on their respect for the rules of gram- 

 mar. Omit the object immediately following the 

 preposition, and the mistake becomes plain as 

 daylight, for no one would think of saying be- 

 tween I. 



For what town are you bound for now? for 

 What town are you bound for nowf or For what 

 t"\<-n are you bound nowf We must avoid dupli- 

 cating the preposition. 



Be went for to find his sister, for He went to 

 find his sister. For to was formerly in good use, 

 but for Is now considered redundant. 



He jumped in the lake, for He jumped into the 



Into must always be employed when there 



la the Idea of entrance or Insertion. If a boy 



were bathing In the lake and jumped up and down 



to keep warm, for Instance, It would be entirely 



correct to speak of his jumping in the lake, but if 



we want to convey the thought of plunging, we 



r make UPC of info. The same distinction Is 



made between on and upon. 



>i not come without my sister is invited 



also, for / cannot come unless my sister is invited 



also, or / cannot come without my sister though 



form does not express the precise Idea. 



'out Is a preposition and positively must not 



be used to do the work of the conjunction unless. 



Be earns three thousand dollars per year, for 



rarn three thousand dollars a year. The 



Latin per Is properly used only with Latin nouns ; 



as. prr annum, per capita, per diem, for which the 



English equivalents are a year, a head, a day. 



W* picked these cherries off of the tree near the 

 pate, for We picked these cherries off th* free 



near the gate. Of is always superfluous after off. 

 The preposition is likewise unnecessary in the 

 commonly -heard phrases, follow after, ponder 

 over, add on, crave for, examine into, etc, 



The poles were set with ten feet between each, 

 for The poles were set with ten feet between each 

 two. Between from by twain always implies 

 the idea of two, whereas each is singular in force. 

 Another common expression is Between each act, 

 in place of between acts. 



Divide this candy between the three of you, 

 for Divide this candy among the three of you. 

 Since between signifies two, It cannot properly be 

 used when the reference is to more than two 

 persons or things or more than two groups as in 

 the phrases between the two families, between 

 the French and English armies. 



The house looks different than what I expected, 

 for The house looks different from what I ex- 

 pected. Avoid both different to and different than. 



There is no use in waiting, tor There is no use 

 of waiting. It is use of, never use in. This is one 

 of the most common errors. L.M.B. 



PRE-RAPHAELITES , prc raph ' a el ites, a 

 group of English writers and painters about the 

 year 1848 who sought to express in their work 

 and to restore to art the simplicity, sincerity and 

 spirituality that had characterized the painters 

 before the time of Raphael. To this end they 

 founded, in 1848, the Pre-Raphaelite Brother- 

 hood, and for a time published an organ for the 

 statement of their ideas, The Germ. The lead- 

 ing spirit in the movement was Dante Gabriel 

 Rossetti (which see). Other prominent Pre- 

 Raphaelites were Rossetti's brother, William 

 Michael, and the painters John Everett Millais 

 (which see) and William Holman Hunt. Their 

 ideas had the warm sympathy of such influen- 

 tial men as John Ruskin, Edward Burne-Jones 

 and William Morris, and because the move- 

 ment brought back to English painting the 

 spiritual and poetic qualities it had lost, it had 

 far-reaching influence which is felt even to-day. 

 See PAINTING. 



PRESBYTERIANS, prcz bite' riant, a Prot- 

 estant denomination, so called because its local 

 bodies are governed by presbyters, or elders. 

 The pastors, together with the elders, who are 

 elected by the congregations, are intrusted with 

 tin- spiritual oversight of their churches, while 

 the deacons manage the financial affairs and 

 look after the poor. The pastor and ciders 

 constitute a session, which is under control of 

 a presbytery composed of the ministers and one 

 or more elders from each church in a given 

 district. Three or more presbyteries combine 

 to form a synod, which is often a representa- 

 tive body consisting of ministers and elders 

 chosen from the presbyteries ; in other case* ell 

 memotn of the presbyteries belong to the 



