PRINTING 



4S23 



PRINTING 



versity. Though it is not a sectarian school, 

 the Presbyterian Church has made generous 

 contr.'butions for the support of the university, 

 and has been influential in shaping its policies. 

 Its government is in the hands of a self-per- 

 petuating board cf trustees, of which the gov- 

 ernor of New Jersey is ex-officio president. 

 Women are not admitted to any courses. 



As now organized the university embraces 

 the academic department, the school of science, 

 the graduate school and the technical depart- 

 ments of civil and electrical engineering. 

 Bachelor's degrees are granted in the academic 

 department and in the school of science, de- 

 grees of C. E. and E. E. in the engineering 

 schools, and master's and doctor's decrees in 

 the graduate school, which offers more than 230 

 courses. In connection with the graduate de- 

 partment is the Graduate College of Residence, 

 where students are accommodated at very 

 moderate rates. The faculty numbers about 

 210, the student enrolment is over 1,630, and 

 the university library contains about 354,003 

 volumes. On the beautiful campus of 632 acres 

 is a group pf buildings not surpassed by those 

 of any other American university. Princeton 

 has an endowment of about $5,400,000, and its 

 regular annual income approximates $663,000. 

 Among the famous men connected with this 

 institution, as students or presidents, were Jona- 

 than Edwards, James Madison, Philip Freneau, 

 the poet, James McCosh of Queen's College, 

 Belfast, and Woodrow Wilson, president from 

 1902 to 1910. Grover Cleveland was a lecturer 

 and trustee of the university for ten years. 

 President Wilson was succeeded by John Grier 

 Hibben, when the former became governor of 

 Jersey. 



Consult Wllllams's Handbook of Princeton; 

 Colllns's Princeton. 



PRINTING. The reader of a great city 

 d.iily, with its store of information and its 

 many advertisements, which may be bought for 

 a penny or two, seldom gives a thought to the 

 < hinery necessary to the produc- 

 of such a sheet; but when we stand be- 

 side one of the great machines which prints, 

 folds and counts these papers at the rate of 

 65,000 to 90,000 an hour, we arc amazed at what 

 inventive genius has accomplice. 1 in tho per- 

 fecting of the printing press. Formerly all the 

 processes connncctcd with printing required 

 hand labor; to-day but -cry little hand labor 

 is required. 



Processes. Three processes arc required in 

 printing setting the type or composition; nr- 



ranging the type into pages, or imposition; and 

 impressing the type upon the paper, or printing. 



Composition. Formerly all type was set by 

 hand. The typesetter, known as the composi- 

 tor, stocd before a case consisting of two boxes, 

 each divided into a number of compartments 

 equal to the number of characters he used. 

 One case was set back and a little above the 

 other and placed in a slanting position so it 

 could easily be reached. This was called the 

 upper case, and it contained the capital letters ; 

 the other, known as the lower case, contained 

 the small letters. From this arrangement print- 

 ers came to refer to capitals as "upper case" 

 and small letters as "lower case" letters, and 

 these terms are still used. The compositor 

 picked up the type one at a time and placed 

 them in a frame called a stick, which he held 

 in his left hand. The stick held about fifteen 

 lines, and when the stick was filled the type 

 was transferred to a long, narrow, metal frame 

 called the galley. When the composition was 

 finished a rough proof of the galleys was taken. 

 The proof was read, the errors marked on the 

 margin and the proof was given to the composi- 

 tor, who proceeded to correct his work. Hand 

 composition is still used in small, country offices 

 and for setting advertisements, but machine 

 composition has replaced it for all other pur- 

 poses. See LINOTYPE; MONOTYPE. 



Imposition, or Make-up. Whatever the 

 method of composition, the type is first ar- 

 ranged in galleys, and when the galleys have 

 been corrected the next process consists in ar- 

 ranging the pages. This is done on a table with 

 a stone or iron top. Formerly stone was the 

 only material used, and from this fact the 

 workman who made up the pages was known 

 as the stoncman. He is also called the r?; 

 up man. Arranging the pages consists in divid- 

 ing the type up into sections, each the length 

 of the required page, putting in the headings at 

 the top of the page and inserting the pace num- 

 bers. The made-up pages arc then placed in 

 an iron frame called the chase. Their arrange- 

 ment must be such that when the printed sheet 

 is folded the pages will follow each other in the 

 order in which they arc numbered. Since the 

 paper is printed on both sides, this arrangement 

 seems peculiar to one not familiar with print- 

 ing. The chase, when filled with type pages, 

 becomes the form. Pages are printed in mul- 

 tiples of four, and a form for books may con- 

 tain as many as sixty-four pages, although 

 thirty-two is the number most frequently used. 

 A form contains half the number of pages to 



