PRONUNCIATION OF FOREIGN NAMES 4S41 PRONUNCIATION OF FOREIGN NAMES 



1 in Swedish is closest to English a in hall, 

 though sometimes it resembles o in obey. 



AA in Danish and Norwegian Is like the Swed- 

 ish a ; in Dutch it is like ae. See below. 



AE in German (frequently written d) is some- 

 times like a in rate, sometimes like c in met; in 

 Dutch, like a in father; in Swedish like e in met; 

 in Danish and Norwegian like a In cat ; In Welsh 

 nwt nearly like i in price. 



AE* in Portuguese is like i in price, but is given 

 a nasal twang. 



AI in most languages is pronounced like aye 

 "yes," although usually shortened to the sound of 

 t In price. In French it resembles a in fate and 

 in modern Greek e in met, while the Hungarian 

 equivalent aj, where j is a vowel. Is like oy in 

 boy. 



AM, AN in French and in Portuguese, if they 

 are final or are followed by a consonant other 

 than HI or n, have the sound of o in father, spoken 

 through the nose. The Portuguese o has the 

 same value. English has no sound equivalent to 

 this, and in books which make use of a phonetic 

 system of pronunciation, as do these volumes, the 

 nasalized n Is usually indicated by an italic capi- 

 tal, as N. 



AO is like English ou in mouse, but nasalized. 



AU is in most languages like ou In mouse the 

 German Haus and English house are identical in 

 sound and meaning. In French, however, this 

 diphthong has the sound of o in note. 



At* in German, like oi in foil. 



AW in Welsh, like ou in mouse. 



AY is generally treated like at. In French and 

 Spanish, when* succeeded by a vowel, the y is 

 given its consonant Value and the o pronounced 

 as though it stood alone. 



B in German, Dutch and the Slavic languages 

 is pronounced like p if it is final or followed by 

 a consonant. In Spanish b more closely resem- 

 bles the English v, though the lips alone and not 

 the teeth are employed in its pronunciation. 



C, before e, i or y, the vowels which follow 

 the "soft" sound of c in English, is pronounced in 

 German like ts ; in French and Portuguese like s, 

 panish sometimes like th in thought, some- 

 times like s In sit. In We4sh and Gallic it always 

 the k sound, and In the Slavic languages it 

 is always like (0. 



C la like In sun. 



Hohemlan. Servian and Bulgarian and c in 

 Polish are like ch in chair. 



CO in Italian is a compound sound like t-ch in 

 /i fir. 



< H In Spanish Is like ch In chair; in Italian 

 like fc; French and Portuguese like ah In shall. 

 rman ch haa a guttural sound which has no 

 equivalent in English, though the Scotch has it In 

 loch. It la made between the back of the tongue 

 and the soft palate. See o below. 



CS in Hungarian is like ch In chair. 



CU In Spanish la like qu In quit If It Is followed 

 by a vowel and haa no accent, aa cii or cu. 



CZ In Hungarian la like ts ; In Polish like ch In 

 choir. 



D In German, Dutch and the Slavic languagea 

 haa the aame relation to t that b haa to p la 

 pronounced like it when final or when preceding 

 a consonant In the aame syllable. In Spanish, 

 Danish and modern Greek it la almost like Ch In 



this when it occurs at the end of a word or be- 

 tween two vowels ; and in Danish and Norwegian 

 it is silent after 2 or n in the same syllable. 



DD in Welsh is like th in this. 



DT Is like t. 



DZ is like j. 



E haa various sounds in the European lan- 

 guages, but in none except modern Greek does It 

 have the English "long e" sound, as in he. It 

 may be like a in mate, or in rebate, like e in met 

 or in where. In French final e is silent unless 

 it has an accent, and is much slighted when it 

 ends any syllable. 



K in French is like a in mate. 



E and fi in French are like e in where or like a 

 in rebate. 



EAU in French is like o in note. 



El in French Is like a in rebate; in German, 

 Dutch and Welsh like i in pine, and in other lan- 

 guages like a in ray. 



EIN in French Is equivalent to in (see below). 



EN in French is like an (see above). 



EU In French and Dutch Is much like e in her. 

 It has, however, no real equivalent in English, but 

 is like the German o. In German eu is like oi in 

 toil. 



G before a, o or u is like g in get in all the 

 European languages ; in German it has the aame 

 sound when used at the beginning of a word or 

 before a vowel or a liquid in the same syllable. 

 In French, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish and 

 Rumanian, g has before c, i or y the sound of j 

 in the same language (see j below), while in 

 modern Greek it is like y in yet. In German and 

 Dutch it has in certain positions a guttural sound, 

 like that of the German ch. 



GH in Italian and Rumanian is like g in get; 

 in Irish it Is more like h. 



GLI in Italian when followed by a vowel is 

 like Hi in William; when final, or followed by a 

 consonant, the i Is pronounced like e in be. 



GN in. French and Italian is like n in Spanish 

 or nh in Portuguese like the English ni in 

 minion. 



GU in French is like g in ga me before e, i or y, 

 unless a consonant or an e" follows, in which caae 

 the u haa its regular sound. In Italian gu la 

 always like gw in Gwen. 



H in French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian 

 is silent except in such combinations aa ch, gh, 

 and the like. In German it Is allent between 

 two vowela In the same word, except where pre- 

 ceding el, and In Swedish it la allent before >. 



I in most European languages haa the sound 

 Kivi n It in machine, or the shortened sound In it. 

 In a few Danish names It la like e In nrf. 



1 K usually haa the sound given it in English In 

 yfctt 



In French ia like in preceded by a y 

 sound. 



IJ in Dutch reaemblea i In price. 



IL final and ILL In the middle of a word In 

 French have the sound of y In yc when they fol- 

 low a vowel which la pronounced ; otherwise they 

 have the sound of i In machine, followed by the 

 aound of y. 



IM and IN In French are like a In haf, but pro- 

 nounced through the nose. 



J In German. Italian. Dutch, the Scandinavian 

 languages, Polish and Hungarian haa the aound 



