PULLEY 



4867 



PULLMAN 



per, which was a Republican organ. In 1877 

 he acted as special correspondent in Europe 

 for the New York Sun and displayed a re- 

 markable mastery of a language which twelve 

 years earlier he could not speak. 



In 1879 he bought the Saint Louis Dispatch 

 and Evening Post, united them under the title 

 of Post-Dispatch, and within four years made a 

 fortune from the venture. When Pulitzer 

 bought the New York World from Jay Gould 

 in 1883, it was considered an ill-advised pur- 

 chase, but his genius at once forced the paper 

 into a leading position. He was elected to 

 Congress from New York in 1885, but dis- 

 liked the work and resigned his position within 

 months. 



In 1887 his eyesight began to fail, and within 

 two years he was totally blind. In this condi- 

 tion he continued his editorial and other ac- 

 tivities until within a few hours of his death 

 on October 29, 1911. Pulitzer in his years of 

 affliction sailed all over the world attended 

 by a number of secretaries, and kept in daily 

 touch with his business in New York City. His 

 life is an admirable example of the height to 

 which a poor and ignorant emigrant may rise. 

 At the time of his death he was not only 

 one of the richest but one of the most cultured 

 publishers in the world, interested in literature, 

 music, art and many other fields. Among his 

 principal bequests were $1,000,000 to the Co- 

 lumbia School of Journalism, which he had 

 founded in 1903 with a gift of the same amount, 

 S500,000 to the New York Philharmonic 

 Society. 



PULLEY, pul'i, a small wheel turning on an 

 and with its circumference grooved to 

 hold a rope. It is a form of simple machine, 

 because it is a mechanical contrivance which 

 will do work. There are two forms, the fixed 

 pnlli-y and the movable pulley. 



Fixed Pulley. As every one knows, it is easier 



for a person to pull downward than upward, 



because in the former case his weight is added 



lie strength of the muscles. So if one 



wishes to lift a heavy weight it is sometimes 



convenient to attach a rope to it, throw tin- 



a beam and pull downward. But the 



Hi of the rope against the beam takes 



away very much if not all of the advantage 



It the beam would turn as tl,. 



rope passes over it practically all UK i ion would 



be avoided. This is exactly the principle of 



: pulley one whose axle is fastened 



i immovable object. It iwn-|y changes 



:on of a pull. 



Movable Pulley. If the pulley is fastened to 

 the object to be moved, a mechanical advan- 

 tage may be gained; that is, the force needed 

 to raise the object is less than its weight. In 

 Fig. 3 the weight of the object w is supported 

 half by the end of the rope a and half by 

 the end of the rope which is held in the hand. 

 Therefore any pull by the hand in excess of 



Fis-3 



THE PULLEY 



Fig. 1, a simple pulley; Fig. 2, a fixed pulley, 

 which merely changes the direction of the power ; 

 Fis. 3, a movable pulley, which increases the 

 effectiveness of the power. 



half the weights of the object f and the pulley, 

 will lift the weight. The mechanical advan- 

 tage in this case is said to be two, because 

 the weight is twice the effort needed to hold it. 

 The article BLOCK AND TACKLE describes mov- 

 able pulleys which have a much larger me- 

 chanical advantage. See MKHAKICAL POWERS. 

 PULL'MAN, GEORGE MORTIMER (1831-1897), 

 an American inventor, born in Chautauqua 

 County, N. Y. He learned the cabinetmaker's 

 trade, but in 1853 gave up this work to under- 

 take a large contract for removing buildings 

 that interfered with the widening of the I 

 Canal. In 1859 he went to Chicago and there 

 built from two ordinary railway coaches th< 

 first models of a sleeping car. He borrowed 

 tin- idea from a Mr. Woodruff of Pittsburgh, 

 who had invented a form of sleeping car about 

 two years previous. The scheme did not meet 

 with public favor at first, and it was not until 

 1ST>:{ that his invention was accepted by tin- 

 rail roads. Four yeaiy later he organized and 

 became president of the Pullman Palace Car 

 Company, and in this enterprise made a large 

 fortune. A- a man of practical philanthropic 

 turn, he planned and built in 1880 the model 

 town of Pullman, 111., with handsome houses, 

 wide streets and modem conveniences. Th< 

 courts later declared it unlawful for the bun- 



