QUORUM 



4905 



QUOTATION MARKS 



which encircles the peg, counts 3; a leaner, a 

 quoit which leans against the peg, counts 2. 

 In a game of 21 points a ringer counts 5; a 

 leaner, 3. Whenever there are neither ringers 

 nor leaners the quoit nearest the stake counts 

 1 ; if the two nearest quoits are thrown by the 

 same person, he counts 2. 



Consult Spalding's How to Pitch Quoits. 



QUORUM, kwo'rum. In the organization of 

 an assembly a quorum is the number of mem- 

 bers who must be present in order that the 

 body may transact business legally. Voluntary 

 organizations, such as are not responsible to 

 anyone outside of their membership, do not 

 require a quorum, although many make such 

 provision. 



In public bodies the quorum is usually fixed 

 by the constitution or by-laws. When the as- 

 sembly is a representative body, performing 

 the functions of government for a constituency, 

 or when the body is of the nature of a board 

 of managers, or trustees, carrying on the busi- 

 ness of the corporation which elected them, 

 the majority of the members usually is re- 

 quired to form a quorum, and the vote of the 

 members . themselves cannot change this re- 

 quirement. 



In the halls of probably every legislative 

 body in the world measures are debated when 

 a quorum is not present, by general consent 

 not to recognize the fact, but when the hour 

 for voting is reached a hurried call for absent 

 members usually brings to their seats a num- 

 ber sufficient to gm 1< trality to the proceed- 

 ings. See PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 



QUOTATION, kwota'shun, MARKS are 

 punctuation symbols used before and after cer- 

 tain quoted expressions. They are generally 

 used in pairs, but quotations within quotations 

 are enclosed by single marks. The marks at 

 the beginning of the quoted passage are in- 

 verted commas; those at the end are apostro- 

 phes, as " ". 



The following are the most important rules 

 for the use of these marks: 



A direct quotation Is set off by quotation 

 marks, as : Nelson said, "England expects every 

 man to do his duty." 



Citations of a passage in the author's own 

 words, when run into the text, are enclosed by 

 quotation marks. Passages set off by themselves 

 are frequently printed in different type and the 

 quotation marks omitted. 



When several paragraphs are quoted and quo- 

 tation marks are used, it is customary to place 

 the symbols at the beginning of each paragraph 

 and at the end of the last one. 



A word or phrase accompanied by its definition 

 is set off by quotation marks, as : In printing "to 

 kill" means to destroy type. Technical, unusual, 

 slang or coined expressions are set off by quota- 

 tion marks. This is also true of nicknames, popu- 

 lar names of states and cities, pen names and the 

 like. In all of these cases, however, some authori- 

 ties prefer italics. 



The English equivalent of a foreign word or 

 phrase is enclosed by quotation marks. 



Either italics or quotation marks are used to 

 set off names of ships, names of pictures and 

 titles of poems, books, lectures, sermons, peri- 

 odicals and the like. 



Some authorities place the final pair of quota- 

 tion marks after the semicolon when that symbol 

 closes the quoted passage. Others place the 

 marks before the semicolon. See PUNCTUATION. 



