RECTANGLE 



RED CLIFF 



protect the negroes from legislation in the 

 Southern states. 



By the act of March 2, 1867, the South was 

 divided into five military districts, with a 

 major-general of the Union army in command 

 of each. Protected by Federal troops, the ne- 

 groes participated in framing legislation and 

 controlling the government a ta>k for which 

 they were ludicrously unprepared. The result 

 incredibh :ul extravagance. Un- 



scrupulous politicians from the North, called 

 carpetbaggers, because it was supposed they 

 could crowd all their worldly goods into the 

 carpet has; valisi .< they carried, organized the 

 negro vote in their own interests. The result 

 was negro domination, administrative chaos, a 

 great deal of insolence and no little violence. 

 Although President Grant continued to follow 

 the Congressional policy during his term, a 

 saner attitude. soon came to be adopted. All the 

 states were restored to the Union by 1870, and 

 an amnesty act, passed in May, 1872, removed 

 all political disqualifications. Public opinion in 

 the North had shifted; the wisdom of modera- 

 tion was recognized, and when President Hayes 

 removed the army from the states involved, 

 what the South has always regarded as the 

 "crime of ii* instruction" was at an end. 



ConsU Davis's The Civil War and Recon- 

 ; Fleming's Documentary History of 



RECTANGLE, rek 1 tang g'l. A plane figure 

 bounded by four straight sides whose opposite 



a 



b 



RECTANGLES 



(a) The form of the figure ordinarily called a 

 rectangle; (6) is a square, but it is also a rec- 

 tangle. 



sides are parallel and therefore equal, and whose 

 angles are right angles, is a rectangle. It is the 

 latter qualification which makes the term a 

 more restricted one than parallelogram and 

 which gives to the figure its name, for rectangle 

 means literally right-angle. If the four sides of 

 a rectangle are equal, the figure is a square, as 

 shown in the above illustration. See MEN- 

 SURATION ; QUADRILATERAL. 



RED, the first of the seven colors of the 

 solar spectrum, and one of the three primary 

 colors, the others being blue and yellow. It is 

 used commonly in dyeing and in the arts. 

 Among the best-known red coloring matters are 



cannine, vermilion, red ochers, madders and 

 in coal-tar products. In the three- and 

 four-color processes of reproducing colored pic- 

 tures (see PRINTING, subhead Color Printing), 

 red is one of the colors employed. In nature 

 it is seen in various shades and hues in the 

 bloom of such flowers as the rose, the poppy 

 and the geranium, in various minerals and in 

 the plumage of many birds. In the article 

 COLOR in these volumes the reader will find a 

 discussion of the various colors and a color 

 plate showing those shades which have red in 

 their composition. See also LIGHT, subhead 

 The Spectrum. 



Red, being the color of blood, is the symbol 

 of passion. The red flag is the standard of the 

 Social Democrats in Europe and of anarchists 

 in America. Red occurs in the national flags of 

 many nations, and is one of the three colors 

 in the Stars and Stripes (see colored plate of 

 flags accompanying the article FLAG). A red 

 cross is the symbol of the world's greatest or- 

 ganization for work of mercy (see RED CROSS 

 SOCIETIES). 



RED 'BIRD, the common name for all birds 

 of red plumage. In the United States, cardi- 

 nals and the scarlet tanager, and sometimes the 

 European bullfinches, are called redbirds. See 

 CARDINAL BIRD; TANAGER. 



RED CEDAR, se'dar, a species of juniper 

 tree whose durable wood is used extensively in 

 making lead-pencil casings, posts, railroad ties, 

 chests and other useful objects. It is distrib- 

 uted widely in North America, being found 

 from Nova Scotia to Georgia and west to the 

 foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The red ce- 

 dar sometimes grows as a low shrub and some- 

 times as a tree one hundred feet high, taking 

 the latter form especially in the lower Missis- 

 sippi Valley. Almost every part of the plant is 

 fragrant the wood, the leaves and the small 

 blue-pray berries. See JUNIPER. 



RED CLIFF, a town in southeastern Alberta, 

 on the main line of the Canadian Pacific and 

 on the South Saskatchewan River. It is six 

 miles northwest of Medicine Hat, with which 

 it has connection by auto-bus as well as by rail- 

 way. Because of the abundant supply of natu- 

 ral gas in the vicinity, Red Cliff has become an 

 important manufacturing center, its chief prod- 

 ucts being bricks, ornamental iron, glass, sashes 

 and doors, shoes, gloves and cigars. The town 

 was founded in 1910, and on June 24, 1915, was 

 partly wiped out by a cyclone, but was soon 

 rebuilt. Population in 1911, 220; in 1916, esti- 

 mated, 2,000. 



