RICHMOND 



5013 



RICKETS 



itzer monument, and statues of Henry Clay, 

 Stonewall Jackson and Hunter H. McGuire, a 

 famous Virginia surgeon, are also noteworthy. 



Institutions. Richmond is the seat of Rich- 

 mond College, the Union Theological Seminary 

 of Virginia (Presbyterian) and the Medical Col- 

 lege of Virginia. Institutions for colored stu- 

 dents are the Virginia Union University (Bap- 

 tist), and, beyond the city limits, the Harts- 

 horn Memorial College. The Mechanics Insti- 

 tute and private and normal schools supple- 

 ment the public school system. Richmond has 

 the state library, the Rosemary Library, a gift 

 to the city from Thomas Nelson Page in honor 

 of his wife, the state law library, public library 

 and Virginia Historical Society Library. There 

 are homes for aged and orphans, and among 

 the principal hospitals are Saint Luke's, Grace, 

 Memorial and the Stuart Circle. 



Industry. Richmond is the leading industrial 

 center in the state, with an annual output of 

 goods valued at over $98,000,000. Abundant 

 power for manufacture is created by cascades 

 in the James River, by which the stream de- 

 scends 100 feet in six miles. A canal around 

 the cascades also furnishes water power. Rich- 

 mond is one of the principal tobacco markets 

 and manufacturing centers of the United States. 

 The establishments engaged in this industry in- 

 clude stemmeries, packing houses, smoking and 

 chewing tobacco factories, cigar and cigarette 

 factories. Iron manufacturing is also extensive, 

 and is represented by foundries and machine 

 shops, locomotive works, car-axle and railroad- 

 spike works and manufactories of farming im- 

 plements, horseshoes and nails. Other manu- 

 factured products are fertilizers, flour, lumber 

 and lumber products, paper, twine, baking pow- 

 der, trunks and bats. The wholesale and job- 

 bing interests of the city are important. 



History. Captain John Smith, the leader of 

 the Jamestown colony, bought from the Indians 

 a tract of land near the present site of Rich- 

 mond in 1609. He called the place "None 

 Such." His attempt to colonize was not suc- 

 cessful. Fort Charles was built near the falls 

 river in 1645. Colonel William Byrd ob- 

 tained grants of land in the vicinity in 1675 

 and 1687, and in 1733 his son, Colonel William 

 Byrd, established the town of Richmond. It 

 was incorporated by the assembly of Virginia 

 m 1742, and in 1779 the state capital was re- 

 moved from Williamsburg to Richmond. In 

 1782 a city charter was obtained. In 1861 the 

 Act of Secession waa adopted, and the city was 

 the capital of the Confederacy from May, 1861, 



to April, 1865. Its capture was for years the 

 chief aim of the North. From 1862 to 1865,' 

 when it surrendered, Richmond was almost con- 

 tinuously besieged; fifteen pitched battles and 

 more than twenty skirmishes were fought in 

 the attempt to capture it. Upon the eve of the 

 evacuation, on April 2, 1865, General Ewell 

 gave orders to the retreating army to fire the 

 tobacco warehouses, arsenals and bridges. 



Consult Powell's Historic Towns of the South- 

 ern States. 



RICHTER, riK'ter, JOHANN PAUL FRIEDRICH, 

 "Jean Paul" (1763-1825), the most famous Ger- 

 man humorist and satirist, was born at Wun- 

 siedel, Franconia. In early youth left penni- 

 less by the death of his father, he struggled 

 desperately for an education, studied at Leip- 

 zig, and about 1782 attempted to enter the lit- 

 erary field. The following year his Greenland 

 Lawsuits satirized several classes of society, but 

 attracted little attention, and, rather discour- 

 aged, he spent the next three years in miscel- 

 laneous writing and aimless wandering. For a 

 time he taught a private school, and, while de- 

 pending on this for a living, wrote such clever 

 satirical works as Extracts from the Devil's Pa- 

 pers; a romance, The Invisible Lodge; School- 

 master Wuz; Quintus Fixlein and Hesperus. 

 The Invisible Lodge gained wide notice, while 

 Hesperus attracted to him the influential Char- 

 lotte von Kalb, who introduced him to Goethe 

 and Schiller. In his last years, spent at Bay- 

 reuth, he turned his mind toward pedagogical 

 problems and made valuable contributions to 

 the subject through his Lcvana and Introduc- 

 tion to Aesthetics. 



Richter was a brilliant, but unreliable, writer. 

 A mere suggestion could open a multitude of 

 ideas to him, but he scarcely completed any 

 task. His satire, especially when dealing with 

 political subjects, was bold and unrelenting. 

 Doubtless his most valuable works for modem 

 readers are his Lcvana, full of fruitful hints as 

 to the education of women and young children, 

 and his book on aesthetics, containing a keen 

 analysis of wit and humor. 



RICKETS, rik'cts, a disease of childhood of 

 which the most important feature is softening 

 of the bones. It is caused by lack of proper 

 nourishment. The symptoms are sometimes 

 noticed in children a few days old, but they 

 develop most frequently between the ages of 

 one and two. The bones, because of a de- 

 ficiency of lime salts, undergo extraordinary 

 changes. Enlargements appear at the ends of 

 the ribs and at the elbows, wrists, knees and 



