ROCHESTER 



5040 



ROCKEFELLER 



mouth of the Genesee River. Both passenger 

 and freight boats make this port. 



Parks and Buildings. Rochester occupies a 

 fine, level site ; the city is well planned and 

 has many imposing public buildings. The larg- 

 est parks are Durand-Eastman (484 acres), on 

 the lake shore; Genesee Valley (538 acres), 

 Seneca and Maplewood, all three along the 

 river, and Highland Park. The city has two 

 noteworthy monuments, one to soldiers and 

 sailors, the second to a native son, Frederick 

 Douglas, the distinguished negro orator. Promi- 

 nent buildings are the Federal building, erected 

 in 1891 at a cost of $600,000; the courthouse, a 

 fine granite structure; the city hall, Y. M. C. A. 

 building, Chamber of Commerce, state armory, 

 Masonic Temple, Memorial Art Gallery, the 

 public library and East and West high schools. 



Institutions. The city has Rochester Theo- 

 logical Seminary (Baptist), Saint Bernard's 

 Seminary (Roman Catholic) and Mechanics 

 Institute. In addition to the public library, 

 the city has the Reynolds and Law libraries. 

 Benevolent, charitable and penal institutions 

 include the General Homeopathic, Hahnemann 

 and Saint Mary's hospitals, the Rochester 

 State Hospital for the Insane, city hospital for 

 contagious diseases, lola Sanitarium for the 

 treatment of tuberculosis, a large dental clinic, 

 Monroe County almshouse, homes for aged 

 persons and for orphans, and the county jail. 



Industries. Rochester was once known as a 

 foremost flour-milling city, the industry de- 

 veloping as a result of the great, natural water 

 power at this place; but milling declined to a 

 place of secondary importance with the devel- 

 opment of the wheat fields of the Middle West 

 in the vicinity of Minneapolis and Saint Paul. 

 Other manufactures have proportionately in- 

 creased, however; Rochester excels in the pro- 

 duction of photographic apparatus and supplies, 

 and is among the leading cities of the world in 

 the manufacture of optical instruments, surgical 

 instruments, thermometers, boots and shoes and 

 men's clothing. Other important products are 

 nursery stock, shrubs and seeds, office systems, 

 carbon paper, typewriter ribbon, woodworking 

 and machine-shop products, electrical machin- 

 ery, telephones and telephone appliances and 

 railway-signaling devices. A local estimate of 

 1916 reported 326 factories, 10,000 operatives 

 and an annual output valued at $25,000,000. 



Rochester was settled in 1812, was incor- 

 porated in 1817 and became a city in 1834. The 

 name was given in honor of one of the original 

 landowners, Nathaniel Rochester. 



ROCK, the solid portion of the earth's crust. 

 The processes by which rocks were formed are 

 described in these volumes in the article GE- 

 OLOGY. The formation of rocks from molten 

 material is still going on, and may be seen 

 wherever active volcanoes throw out lava, 

 which solidifies in cooling. The rock envelope 

 of the earth contains nearly all the known 

 chemical elements, though only eight of them 

 enter into the composition of rocks in such pro- 

 portions as to require naming them. They are : 



Per cent Per cent 



Oxygen 74.02 Calcium 3.50 



Silicon 28.06 Magmesium 2.62 



Aluminum 8.16 Sodium 2.63 



Iron 4.64 Potassium 2.32 



Silicon is the basis of all quartz rock; alumi- 

 num is the basis of clay; calcium of limestone; 

 and magnesium of all rocks containing mag- 

 nesia. Each of these substances is described 

 under its title. 



As used in geology, the term rock means any 

 solid portion of the earth. Sand and gravel 

 are rock to the geologist. The term stone is 

 applied to small, detached portions of rock, 

 though veiy large masses are usually called 

 rocks. Rounded stones which have been shaped 

 by the action of ice or water are called boul- 

 ders. These are frequently found long distances 

 from the mass of rock from which they were 

 broken, having been transported by ice. 



According to their formation rocks are classi- 

 fied as igneous, stratified and metamorphic; 

 according to their composition, as granite, mar- 

 ble, quartzite, slate, etc. 



Related Subjects. The reader is referred to 

 the following articles in these volumes : 

 Glacier Metamorphism 



Igneous Rocks Stratified Rocks 



ROCKEFELLER, rok'ejeler, an American 

 family name that stands for brilliant achieve- 

 ments in the financial world. Three members 

 of the family two brothers and a son are 

 especially noteworthy; the elder brother, John 

 Davison, is known everywhere as the richest 

 man in the world. 



John Davison Rockefeller (1839- ) was 

 born in Richford, N. Y., and educated in the 

 public schools of that city and in those of 

 Cleveland, 0., whither his parents removed in 

 1853. The extraordinary business talents of 

 the youth were early manifest, for at the age 

 of nineteen he borrowed a thousand dollars and 

 became head of a commission firm of his own 

 a venture that proved highly successful. Hav- 

 ing entered into business connections with 



