RUDE 



5101 



RUGBY SCHOOL 



pomegranate-red from Ceylon, and garnet-hued 

 from Siam. A ruby of good color, free from 

 flaws, is worth many times as much as a 

 diamond of the same size. There are several 

 red stones on the market to which the name 

 ruby is applied, but which are not genuine 

 rubies. Some of these are imitations in glass. 

 The so-called Cape, Australian and Arizona 

 rubies are in reality fine garnets, and the Si- 

 berian ruby is red tourmaline. Spinel rubies 

 are transparent red crystals of magnesium 

 aluminate. Experts can readily distinguish 

 genuine from spurious stones by tests as to 

 hardness, specific gravity, etc. For the manu- 

 facture of artificial rubies, see GEMS.. 



According to the lore of precious stones the 

 ruby is the birthstone for July, and the symbol 

 for the fortieth wedding anniversary. It is 

 believed by the superstitious that to dream of 

 rubies is a sign of unexpected guests. 



Consult Kunz's The Curious Lore of Precious 

 Stones. 



Related Subject*. The reader Is referred to 

 the following articles in these volumes: 

 Corundum Garnet 



Diamond Gems 



RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784-1855), a French 

 sculptor of highest rank, whose work is repre- 

 sentative both of classic purity and of un- 

 compromising realism. Among his finest 

 achievements are Mercury Fastening his San- 

 dal, Neapolitan Fisher Boy and a statue of 

 Joan of Arc, all of which are in the Louvre. 

 His artistic power is also revealed in the superb 

 monument of Godefroy Cavagnac, in Mont- 

 martre. He studied at the School of Fine Arts 

 in Paris and later went to Rome. His Mercury 

 Fastening His Sandal and the Neapolitan 

 Fisher Boy were his first successes. Le Depart 

 (The Departure) is considered to be his great- 

 est production. It was executed for the Tri- 

 umphal Arch of the Star, and represents the de- 

 parture of the volunteers from Paris in 1792. 



RUFF, a species of sandpiper native to the 

 eastern hemisphere. During the mating sea- 

 son the adult male develops a tuft of feathers 

 on his neck, which is capable of being swelled 

 out into a ruff, variable in color, changing from 

 black, chestnut and reddish to huffy and whit- 

 ;-!'. He is also greatly disposed to fight at 

 this season, boldly attacking intruders. The 

 female is much more modest in plumage and 

 in behavior, and is known as a reeve. Oc- 

 casional specimens of the ruff have been taken 

 on the coast of Eastern North America. See 



S \\W1PER. 



RUFFED GROUSE, grous. See GROUSE, sub- 

 head Ruffed Grouse. 



RUFFO, ru'jo, TITTA, an Italian baritone, 

 born in Tuscany. At an early age he entered 

 the Conservatory of Santa Cecilia at Rome, 

 ambitious to fit himself for an operatic career. 

 After two years of study he was told to select 

 another profession, as his voice was not deemed 

 equal to the success he coveted. But the youth 

 believed otherwise. He was bent upon a mu- 

 sical career, and the criticism only made him 

 the more determined, despite the fact that he 

 was almost penniless and the choice of a pro- 

 fession could not be put off long. Undismayed, 

 he went to Milan, where, under the instruc- 

 tion of Signor Cassini, he developed remark- 

 able powers. Subsequently he sang in the 

 larger cities of South America, and then made 

 a triumphant tour of his native land. He 

 made his debut in the United States at the 

 Metropolitan Opera House, New York, in 1912, 

 and later appeared with the Chicago Grand 

 Opera Company. Ruffo is admirable in dra- 

 matic as well as in lyric roles, and has ap- 

 peared in many, of the world-famous operas. 

 Among the operas in which he has won high 

 honors are Pagliacci and HamUt. 



RUG 'BY SCHOOL, one of the most cele- 

 brated of English public schools, was founded 

 in 1567 at Rugby, England, through a bequest 

 of Lawrence Sheriffe, a grocer of Rugby. The 

 purpose of the founder was to establish a school 

 for the boys of Rugby and the country ad- 

 jacent to it. Because of litigation over the 

 will the school remained in obscurity for the 

 first hundred years of its existence. In 1688 it 

 had only 100 students, and for the next hun- 

 dred years the number did not increase. In 

 1777 Thomas James of Eton was elected head 

 master. He introduced the Eton system of 

 small, separate houses for the pupils, instead of 

 lodging them all in one large dormitory, raised 

 the standard of scholarship and improved the 

 discipline. In sixteen years he increased the 

 number of students from fifty-two to 245. 

 Under his successor, Wooll, further progress 

 was made. During the latter's administration 

 the playground or "close" was enlarged, and 

 Rugby football was developed. 



Hut Rugby owes its reputation chiefly -to 

 mas Arnold, who >. r.uur hoad master in 

 1828. When Arnol > duties Eng- 



lish public school- a crisis, and 



there was a pi >te to as- 



sume control. T:ikiMtr ,v. lit ions at Rugby as 

 he found them, Arnold wrought changes 



