RUYTER 



5131 



RYE 



New York possesses Cottage Under Trees, For- 

 est Stream and Wheatfields, and there are many 

 other canvases in private collections in America. 



RUYTER, roi'ter, or ri'ter, MICHAEL ADRI- 

 AAXSZOOX DE (1607-1676), a Dutch admiral who 

 ranks with the greatest of Holland's fighting 

 seamen. He was bora at Flushing and was a 

 sailor from his boyhood. In 1641, having risen 

 to the rank of rear admiral, Ruyter took charge 

 of a squadron sent to help the Portuguese 

 against the Spanish; a few years later he was 

 successfully fighting against the Barbary pirates 

 in the Mediterranean. In 1652, when Tromp 

 won his great victory over Blake in the English 

 Channel, he had Ruyter as his assistant. The 

 latter was given chief command of the Dutch 

 fleet after the death of Tromp, and though 'he 

 was not always successful, he was a hard foe to 

 conquer. He died in 1676 from the effects of 

 wounds received in a battle with the French. 



RYAN, ABRAM JOSEPH (1839-1886), a Roman 

 Catholic priest and American poet who served 

 as chaplain in the Confederate army through- 

 out the War of Secession. He was born in Nor- 

 folk, Va., August 15, 1839, and had been or- 

 dained only a short time when the war broke 

 out. His first work, after peace was declared. 

 was in New Orleans, editing The Star, a re- 

 ligious weekly paper, work which he combined 

 with his duties as a priest. He left New Or- 

 leans to go to Atlanta, Ga., where he founded 

 and conducted a political and religious weekly 

 called The Banner of the South. He was later 

 in charge of a parish in Mobile, Ala., and from 

 there he went North to lecture and to supervise 

 the publishing of a volume of his poems. The 

 Conquered Banner, The Lost Cause and The 

 Flag of Erin were three of his best poems. 



RYAN, PATRICK JOHN (1831-1911), an Ameri- 

 can Roman Cath- 

 olic prelate, arch- 

 bishop of Phila- 

 delphia. He was 

 born at Thurlrs. 

 County Tippe- 

 rary. Ireland, 

 -tni hed at Car- 

 low College with 

 the idea of work- 

 ing in the United 

 States, and emi- 

 grated to Saint ARCHBIMM! I: 



age of twenty-two. In that 

 he was ordained priest and made professor of 

 lish lit i rat me at Carondelet Theological 

 Semin 



After serving for a time as rector of the 

 Saint Louis Cathedral he was transferred to the 

 Church of Saint John the Evangelist, and in 

 1872 was consecrated bishop of Triconia, and 

 made coadjutor to the archbishop of Saint 

 Louis. Eleven years later he was promoted to 

 the archbishopric, and in the next year was 

 transferred to the important archdiocese of 

 Philadelphia, one of the most important in the 

 United States, having at the time a population 

 of nearly half a million of Roman Catholics. 

 He was particularly distinguished as a preacher, 

 and in 1868 was invited by Pope Pius IX to 

 deliver the Lenten lectures in Rome. In 1902 

 President Roosevelt made him a member of 

 the Indian Commission. Archbishop Ryan's 

 published works are What Catholics Do Not 

 Believe and Causes of Modern Religious Skep- 

 ticism. 



RYE, ri t a grain closely resembling wheat 

 and barley, raised in the cool regions of Eu- 

 rope, Asia and America. Russia is the leading 

 rye-producing country, its crop averaging about 

 880,000,000 bushels; Germany follows, with 



Russia 

 880 



Austria 

 103 



Germany 

 456 



Hungary 

 47 



| x France * United States 



45 44 



Figures Represent Mil lions of Bushels 



THE CHIEF RYE COUNTRIES 



about 456,000,000 bushels. In the United 

 States the crop amounts to about 44,000,000 

 bushels, and in Canada it is a little less than 

 2,500,000 bushels. Rye is the hardiest cereal 

 known, and will succeed where other grains 

 cannot be raised. Two varieties, the spring and 

 the winter, are grown. Tin \\mt.r \anety is 

 sown in th<- fall and harvoted in June or early 

 in July. The spring variety is raised chiefly 

 for fi : \\ M r rye is successfully grown in 



Alaska, where it is a valuable crop. 



Rye is adapted to l^hi. sandy soils and does 

 not thrive well on h< avy damp ><>ils. While 

 it is not so valuable as wheat for food, its 

 adaptability to a cool climate and a light soil 

 makes it one of the most important food plants 



