SADDUCEES 



5138 



SAFETY LAMP 



but also in the giving of something dear to the 

 worshiper. Two types of sacrifices were offered 

 by the Jews, bloody and unbloody; that 

 animals and fruits of the land. The bloody of- 

 ferings were the burnt offering, a lamb, male 

 and without blemish, offered twice daily by the 

 priests in the name of the nation; the peace 

 offering, a lamb or goat, male or female, with- 

 out blemish, offered by families at new moons 

 or on special occasions of thanksgiving, a part 

 of which they ate according to prescribed rites; 

 and the guilt offering, made by individuals for 

 cleansing from sin and, once a year, on the Day 

 of Atonement, by the priest for the sins of the 

 nation. Unbloody, or fruit offerings, were of- 

 ferings made on various occasions, of ears of 

 corn, oil, incense, fine flour or unleavened cakes. 



In the New Testament, the sacrifice of Christ 

 on the cross, the innocent for the guilty, be- 

 comes the fulfilment of all former sacrifices: 

 "For this He did, once, when He offered up 

 Himself" (see Hebrews VII, 27). 



SADDUCEES, sad'useez, a religious sect 

 active in Judea at the time of Christ, which had 

 its origin among the aristocracy. Its members 

 held many of the highest offices, and in con- 

 trast to the Pharisees, who kept themselves 

 strictly from the world, they showed a strong 

 inclination toward other than Jewish customs,. 

 valuing social standing, culture and wealth. 

 Josephus, the Jewish historian, states that the 

 Sadducees "had only the rich on their side, but 

 not the common people." In belief, the Sad- 

 ducees held to the written law of Moses, but 

 denied the teaching of the Pharisees regarding 

 the binding power of the oral law, the resur- 

 rection of the dead and the current doctrine of 

 angels. They also affirmed the freedom of the 

 will. After the fall of Jerusalem, in A. D. 70, 

 the sect of the Sadducees disappeared. See 

 PHARISEES. 



SADI, sah'de, or saw 1 de (about 1184-1292), 

 a great Persian poet, born at Shiraz. Under 

 the protection of his patron, the Prince of 

 Fare, he studied philosophy in Bagdad, and 

 while there won fame by his writings. His pa- 

 tron was deposed by the Mongols in 1226, and 

 Sadi in discouragement entered upon a period 

 of wandering which continued for thirty years. 

 After living for a considerable time in Damas- 

 cus, he went to 'Jerusalem, where he dwelt as 

 a hermit until he was captured by some Frank- 

 ish crusaders and taken as a slave to Tripoli. 

 Rescued by a wealthy friend, he returned at 

 length to his home, where he spent his remain- 

 ing years quietly. 



His most important works, both of which 

 were written near the end of his life, are the 

 Bustan, or Fruit-Garden, and the Gulistan, or 

 Rose-Garden, the former in verse, the latter in 

 prose. Both are made up of discussions of 

 philosophic and religious questions, interspersed 

 with interesting tales and clever sayings. 



SADOWA, sah'dohvah, BATTLE OF, was 

 fought July 3, 1866, between the Prussians and 

 Austrians, near the little village of Sadowa in 

 Bohemia. The Austrian army of about 200,000 

 was commanded by General Benedek. King 

 William I of Prussia directed the Prussians, 

 who numbered 221,000. This battle was the 

 decisive engagement of the Seven Weeks' War ; 

 as a result of which Prussia became the lead- 

 ing state of the North German Confederation 

 and ultimately of the German Empire. See 

 SEVEN WEEKS' WAR. 



SAFE, a strong box of iron or steel, designed 

 to protect money, jewels and valuable papers 

 from loss by fire or theft. The simplest form 

 is the fireproof safe, which is not intended to 

 resist the assaults of burglars. It is a box hav- 

 ing double walls of steel, between which a sub- 

 stance like concrete or clay is placed, to resist 

 the action of heat. Such a safe is often im- 

 bedded in masonwork as a further safeguard. 



The modern burglar-proof safe is a much 

 more complicated structure. Expert cracks- 

 men have called science to their aid, and make 

 use of nitroglycerine and the oxyhydrogen 

 blowpipe in reaching the interior of safes. To 

 resist these attacks, safes are now made of 

 great thickness, and weigh many tons. The 

 walls are cast in a solid mass of iron or steel 

 or built up of bars or plates of steel held in 

 place by rivets. The cast-metal safes often 

 have their strength reenforced by a network of 

 wrought-steel rods, about which the metal is 

 poured in a liquid state and allowed to harden. 

 The vaults surrounding the safe of the Bank 

 of France can be flooded from the Seine in case 

 of danger, and in some banks steam can be 

 released in 'similar circumstances. 



Large safes of American manufacture are 

 protected by several doors, one inside another. 

 The bolts are controlled by time locks. These 

 are clockwork devices which can be so adjusted 

 that the bolts are drawn back automatically by 

 a spring at the desired time. See LOCK. 



SAFE'TY LAMP, a lamp designed to pro- 

 tect miners from explosions of fire damp. There 

 are now many varieties of safety lamps on the 

 market, but they are all based on the principle 

 used by the English chemist, Sir Humphry 



