SAILBOAT AND SAILING 



5144 



SAINT AUGUSTINE 



a rope passing through a pulley at the mast- 

 head. To give steadiness to such a boat, simv 

 it has no centerboard or keel, it is necessary to 

 use a leeboard when sailing on the wind. This 

 is a flat board hung over the lee side (tho sidr 

 away from the wind) and lashed securely in 

 place. It keeps the boat from being blown 

 sideways. The sail may be made of twilled 

 duck or heavy unbleached muslin, sewed by 

 hand or on a machine. Seven or eight rings, 

 sliding on the mast, will bring the sail up and 

 down. 



Sailing. It i.s easy to understand how a boat 

 sails with a breeze behind it; it is not so easy 

 to understand how it can be made to sail 

 against the wind. As a matter of fact, however, 

 a boat does not sail best with the wind straight 



2nd. Position: 



Boat on 

 port tack 



1st. Position; 

 Boat on 

 starboard tacK 



Explanation appears In the text. 



aft; a breeze from the side is better. The 

 accompanying diagram (Fig. 1) will give an 

 idea of what makes the boat go forward when 

 the wind is on its beam. Here xy is the sail 

 and pd the wind. The wind blowing against 

 the slanting sail is deflected and causes a pres- 

 sure, md, perpendicular to the surface. The 

 pressure, md, can be resolved into two com- 

 ponents, mf and fd. The former tends to push 

 the boat sideways but is largely counteracted 

 by the push of the water against the boat's side ; 

 fd is in the direction of the ship's course and 

 propels it towards o. 



Tacking. A vessel is said to be on the port 

 tack when the wind is on its port, or left side, 

 and on the starboard tack when the wind is on 

 its starboard, or right side. When it comes up 

 with its nose in the wind and changes from one 



tack to the other, it is said to be tacking. Fig. 

 2 shows the changed position which the sails 

 of a vessel assume in changing from the star- 

 board to the port tack. 



In tacking, the vessel's bows are pointed 

 towards the direction .from which the wind is 

 blowing. The sail is almost parallel with the 

 wind and consequently falls slack. The boom 

 is pushed across the boat, and the rudder used 

 to turn its nose sufficiently out of the wind so 

 there is an effective pressure against the sails 

 in the new position. See YACHT AND YACHTING. 



Consult Davles' Boat Sailing for Amateurs; 

 Kingston's The Boys' Own Book of Boats; 

 Knight's Small Boat Sailing. 



SAINT ANDREWS, an'drooz, the county 

 town of Charlotte County, New Brunswick, in 

 the southwest corner of the province. It is 

 on Passamaquoddy Bay, at the mouth of the 

 Saint Croix River, and is one of the Atlantic 

 termini of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It 

 is about sixty miles directly west of Saint John, 

 and forty-eight miles by rail southeast of Cal- 

 ais, Me. The harbor of Saint Andrews is open 

 all the year round, and accommodates the larg- 

 est vessels even at low tide. There is a large 

 trade in fresh fish, and the canning and preserv- 

 ing of fish, especially sardines, is one of the 

 chief branches of manufacturing. The only 

 other manufactures of importance are mat- 

 tresses and leather goods. Population in 1911, 

 987; in. 1916, about 2,000. 



SAINT AUGUSTINE, aw'gusteen, FLA., the 

 oldest city in the United States, is situated on 

 a narrow strip of land between the San Se- 

 bastian River on the west and Matanzas River 

 on the east, thirty-two miles south of Jackson- 

 ville and on the Florida East Coast Railway. 

 The Matanzas River is really an arm of the 

 sea separating North Beach and Anastasia Is- 

 land from the mainland, and it is often called 

 Matanzas Bay. Saint Augustine Inlet, a pas- 

 sage between North Beach and Anastasia Island, 

 gives the city access to the ocean. Saint 

 Augustine is the county seat of Saint Johns 

 County. Its business is chiefly local. Popula- 

 tion, 1910, 5,494. 



Saint Augustine was permanently settled by 

 the Spaniards in 1565, and it still retains many 

 structures that date back to the first century of 

 its existence. The city is of interest chiefly as 

 a winter resort and because of its historic asso- 

 ciations. The streets are very narrow, some 

 of them so narrow that teams cannot pass each 

 other. The city is regularly laid out, the 

 streets running east and west and north and 



