SAINT-SIMON 



5167 



SAINT STEPHEN 



such as La danse macabre and Phaeton, and 

 his graceful, brief compositions for the piano. 



SAINT-SIMON, saN semawN', CLAUDE 

 HKNRI, Count de (1760-1825), a noted French 

 socialist, born in Paris and educated under the 

 direction of D'Alembert. He took part in the 

 Revolutionary War in America, doing good 

 service in the campaign against Cornwallis. 

 During the French Revolution he approved of 

 the abolition of titles, and though he took no 

 active part in any of the movements, was im- 

 prisoned for a time. His ambition from youth 

 up was to do something to benefit mankind, 

 and after the Revolution, with the aid of the 

 fortune which he had amassed by buying and 

 selling the estates of the emigres, he set about 

 experimenting as to the exact form his uplift 

 movement should take. He lost all his money, 

 and until his death was supported by a pension 

 allowed him by his family. His doctrines met 

 with but a cold reception at first, but before 

 he died had won a few enthusiastic converts, 

 among whom was Auguste Comte. 



Saint-Simon stood for the necessity of a 

 complete reorganization of society, with indus- 

 try as its basis and science as its guiding prin- 

 ciple. Every one, in his ideal state, should be 

 obliged to work, and each should receive re- 

 wards commensurate with his labor. Especially 

 was the law of inheritance to be abolished. The 

 disciples of Saint-Simon elaborated his teach- 

 ings into the socialistic system known as Saint- 

 Si monianism. Among the works in which his 

 ideas were set forth are Reorganization of Eu- 

 ropean Society, Industry, The Industrial System 

 and New Christianity. 



SAINT SOPHIA, sofe'a, the most important 

 and imposing structure of Constantinople, is 

 one of the oldest buildings in Europe and the 

 largest Mohammedan mosque in the world. 

 The present structure was erected as a Chris- 

 ti:m church by the Roman Emperor Justinian 

 ' Jreat, who brought it to completion in 538. 

 It is related that Justinian was so impressed by 

 its splendor that he exclaimed, "0 Solomon, I 

 surpassed thee." The building is a rec- 

 tangle and its exterior is disappointing, but 

 its beautiful interior makes it architecturally 

 one of the wonders of the world. (An interior 

 view of the structure is shown on page 325, in 

 the article ABCHITECT 



The interior, 250 feet from east to west and 

 235 feet from north to south, is divided by two 

 piers and eight columns into a nave and aisles. 

 Over the center of this great hall of worship 

 rises the dome, the most impressive feature and 



crowning glory of the structure. The dome is 

 180 feet high and 107 feet in diameter, and is 

 supported on four arches, each having a span 

 of nearly 100 feet. The arches rest upon eight 

 porphyry columns arranged in pairs at the four 

 corners of the nave. In the base of the dome 

 are forty-six arched windows, through which 

 the edifice is lighted. From the cornice of the 

 dome a half dome extends east and west, and 

 this in turn rests on three smaller and lower 

 half domes which extend to the entrance. Thus 

 the great central hall of worship is completely 

 covered by a dome-shaped roof which "swells 

 larger and larger and mounts higher and higher, 

 as though a miniature heaven rose overhead." 



The Roman Empire was searched to find col- 

 umns, alabasters and precious ornaments for 

 this magnificent temple. The walls are lined 

 with marbles of various hues, arranged in beau- 

 tiful designs. The vaulting is set with glass mo- 

 saic of the finest Byzantine workmanship. On 

 the capitals of many of the columns are mono- 

 grams of Justinian and the Empress Theodora. 



In 1453 the Turks captured Constantinople 

 and converted the Church of Saint Sophia into 

 a Mohammedan mosque. Every Christian em- 

 blem was torn from the walls or covered with 

 whitewash, and minarets were erected at each 

 of the four corners. Nevertheless, even with 

 so much of its glory obscured, the interior of 

 Saint Sophia produces upon the observer an 

 effect unequaled by that of any other building 

 in the world. 



SAINT STEPHEN, ste'ven, a town in Char- 

 lotte County, New Brunswick, in the southwest 

 corner of the province. It is at the head of 

 tidewater on the Saint Croix River, which here 

 forms the boundary between the United States 

 and Canada. Saint Stephen is one of four ad- 

 jacent towns at this point, the other three be- 

 iiitf Milltown. N. B., Milltown, Me., and Calais, 

 Me. These four communities have their pub- 

 lic utilities in common; a single street railway 

 system, gas and electric systems and water- 

 works serve all four. The four fire depart- 

 ments respond to alarms on both sides of tin- 

 river. The population of these four towns is 

 about 15,000. Population of Saint Stephen in 

 1911, 2336; in 1016, about 3,200. 



town is served by the Canadian Pacific 

 and New Brunswick Southern railways, and at 

 Milltown, Me., two miles away, has connection 

 with the Main Central Railway. The S.nnt 

 Croix River carries a large traffic in lumber, 

 fish, coal and general merchandise. Saint Ste- 

 phen is not merely a distributing point, but a 



