SALABERRY-DE-VALLEYFIELD 



5169 



SALAMIS 



staple food of the inhabitants. Fur-bearing ani- 

 mals are numerous and valuable. Russians yet 

 live in the north, and are mostly convicts and 

 exiles, the island having become a Russian 

 penal settlement in 1869. The total population 

 is estimated at 56,450. The chief towns are Dui, 

 Rykovskoie, Korsakova and Muravievski. See 

 map, facing page 417. 



SALABERRY-DE-VALLEYFIELD, sal' a 

 beridehval'ijceld, popularly known as VAL- 

 I.KY FIELD, a city in Beauharnois County, Quebec. 

 It lies at the foot of Lake Saint Francis, which 

 is an expansion of the Saint Lawrence River, and 

 is the western terminus of the Beauharnois Ca- 

 nal, by which steamers avoid the rapids or "Cas- 

 cades." The city is served by the Grand Trunk 

 and New York Central railways, and is eighty- 

 four miles by rail east of Ottawa and forty- 

 three miles southwest of Montreal. Population 

 in 1911, 9,449; in 1916, estimated, 11,000. 



Valleyfield is noted chiefly for its manufac- 

 tures; its largest establishment, a cotton mill, 

 employs nearly one-half the total population. 

 Other large mills and factories produce paper, 

 bronze powder, flour and cigars. Situated as it 

 is on two trunk lines of railway as well as the 

 greatest navigable waterway in Canada, the 

 river also producing abundant water power, 

 Valleyfield has advantages for manufactures. 

 The city owns its aqueduct and street-lighting 

 plant, but power is furnished by private com- 

 panies. 



The city is the seat of a Roman Catholic 

 bishop, and the magnificent $500,000 cathedral 

 is its most conspicuous building. Also note- 

 worthy are the post office and customhouse, 

 completed in 1908 at a cost of $150,000, and 

 the courthouse, which cost about $75,000. A 

 normal school, a classical college and two 

 academies, one French and one English, are in- 

 cluded in the city's educational institutions. 

 Valleyfield was settled in 1874, and was incor- 

 porated as a city in 1904. I..J.H. 



SAL'ADIN (1137-1193), a powerful sultan of 

 Egypt and Syria, who rose from a soldier of 

 the shepherd tribe of the Koords to be vizier 

 to the caliph. On the caliph's death he usurped 

 tin- throne and greatly widened his borders by 

 wan. His capture of Jerusalem, in 1187, 

 caused consternation throughout the Christian 

 world, giving rise to the Third Crusade (see 

 SADES). Saladin was compelled to surren- 

 der the stronghold of Acre to the crusading 

 Minn.-, in 1191. For two years they contended 

 with him for the tomb of Jesus, but without 

 furt h< r success than the securing of a truce of 

 324 



three years, during which time pilgrims should 

 be allowed to enter Jerusalem. The armies 

 then withdrew. The next year Saladin died, 

 and his empire rapidly weakened under the 

 rule of his jealous and intriguing successors. 



SAL'AMANDER, a small animal belonging 

 to the same class as the frog, toad and newt 

 (see AMPHIBIANS). Salamanders and newts 

 form one order of amphibians, differing from 

 frogs and toads in their possession of a tail (see 

 NEWT). The body of a salamander is elon- 

 gated, resembling that of the lizard in general 

 form, and there are four sprawling legs. One 

 of the best known species is the spotted sala- 

 mander of Central and Southern Europe, so 

 called because of its conspicuous black and 

 yellow markings. It is from six to eight inches 

 long and has a smooth, shiny skin, covered with 

 glands and pores from which exudes a sticky 

 substance believed to be poisonous. The ani- 

 mal is found in moist places in forests and 

 mountains, and feeds on snails, worm's and in- 

 sects. A common American species, found both 

 in Mexico and the United States, and often 

 seen in aquariums, is the axvlotl, a salamander 

 with a velvety black skin. Some species live 

 in dark caves far below the earth's surface, and 

 are blind and have white skins. 



Salamanders breed in the water. The young 

 are sometimes brought forth alive and some- 

 times hatch from eggs laid in the water. The 

 young tadpoles breathe by external gills, which 

 are retained for a considerable time. The 

 young of the axolotl sometimes breed while 

 tadpoles, and in rare cases this immature stage 

 lasts for years. The giant salamander of China 

 and Japan lives entirely in the water and has 

 both lungs and gills in the adult stage. 



SAL'AMIS, an island of horseshoe sh:ip\ 

 belonging to Greece, situated in the Gulf of 



LOCATION MAP 

 Salnmls and Its geographical relation to Athens. 



Aegina, off the coast of Attica, and due west 

 from Athens. It is barren, rocky and moun- 

 tainous, covering an area of thirty-six f<i 

 miles, with a population of about 4,600. Hit- 



