SALVAGE 



5180 



SALVINI 



the fourteen departments, or states, are ap- 

 pointed by the President. 



History. After 1524 the country was a pos- 



on of Spain until 1821, when it revolted 



and joined th n Confederation. Two 



n later it withdrew from that union, and 



later formed part of the republic of Central 



America. In 1853 it became independent. 



Like all South and Central American states, its 



progress has been greatly retarded by wars and 



revolutions. H.M.s. 



Consult Martin's Salvador of the Twentieth 

 Century. 



Related Subject*. The reader is referred to 

 the following articles in these volumes : 

 A 1 \ a rado. Pedro de Coffee 



Central America San Salvador 



SALVAGE, sal'uaj, a term denoting the 

 ice rendered in preserving life and in sav- 

 ing property from damage or loss, or the reward 

 for such sen-ice. Originally salvage was re- 

 red to the losses at sea, and awards were 

 adjusted by the admiralty courts. In the 

 United States salvage is awarded for ships, 

 goods and life saved on lakes and navigable 

 rivers on which interstate commerce is carried. 

 Military salvage refers to rescuing property in 

 time of war and usually pertains to ships and 

 their cargoes. In large cities insurance com- 

 panies maintain paid salvage corps to save 

 property from loss by fire. The award for 

 salvage is determined by the risk run and the 

 value of the property saved. In all cases it is 

 more than mere pay for time and labor ex- 

 pended, the excess being considered a reward 

 for the effort made and also an inducement to 

 others to engage in like work. 



SALVA'TION ARMY, a religious body with 

 semimilitary organization, whose purpose is to 

 bring spiritual and material benefit to those 

 whom the conservative religious bodies do not 

 reach. Its founder, "General" William Booth, 

 who was originally a Methodist minister, find- 

 ing the Church unsympathetic toward his work 

 for the unfortunate, began holding independent 

 meetings for the poor, in 1864, in an unused 

 graveyard in London. The organization which 

 resulted was at first known as the Christian 

 Mission; it did not receive its military name 

 and system till 1878. The Army was remark- 

 ably successful in the East End of London, 

 from which it spread throughout the United 

 Kingdom and then to all English-speaking 

 countries. It was introduced into the United 

 States in 1880, where, however, disagreements 

 caused the organization of a new society (see 



VOLUNTEERS OF AMERICA). Now its activities 

 are carried on in Europe, Asia, Africa, North 

 and South America and Australia. 



The beliefs of the Salvation Army arc those 

 of evangelical Christianity. Piety and ability 

 are the only qualifications required of the offi- 

 cers. Men and women have equal rights and 

 both are dressed in uniform. It is the custom 

 of the members to hold meetings in the open 

 air, gathering a crowd by means of musical 

 instruments and singing, and later inviting the 

 people to a hall for further services. As many 

 of their hearers are of the destitute classes, 

 much relief work is necessary. A feature of 

 their work is the Christmas dinner given every 

 year to the needy poor. The Salvation Army 

 maintains numerous orphanages and industrial 

 and rescue homes, but these institutions serve 

 more as clearing houses for the unfortunate 

 than as places of permanent residences. There 

 is also a training school for American workers, 

 located in New York. The Army activities are 

 supported by voluntary contributions, and the 

 official publication is the War Cry. 



In the War of the Nations the Salvation 

 Army won imperishable laurels. Its represen- 

 tatives were sent in large numbers to the zones 

 of fighting, and neither hardship nor danger 

 deterred them in the task of relieving the dis- 

 tress of the "doughboys." The Salvation "las- 

 sies" even penetrated to the first line trenches 

 to carry food to the soldiers. 



SALVINI, sahlve'ne, TOMMASO (1829-1916), 

 an actor, born at Milan, Italy. His parents 

 were players, and they trained him in childhood 

 for the same profession. He began to act dur- 

 ing his fourteenth year, and at eighteen had 

 risen to such prominence that he was chosen by 

 Ristori to play leading roles in her company. 

 In 1847 he caused a sensation among Italian 

 theatergoers in Rome by his vigorous acting in 

 Alfiero's famous tragedy, Oreste. He left the 

 stage in 1849 to fight in the Italian war for 

 independence, but by 1851 was again playing 

 with success. In 1868 he organized his own 

 company, toured Europe repeatedly, and made 

 five trips to America between 1873 and 1889. 

 Everywhere audiences were astonished by his 

 spirited and sometimes violent acting of tragic 

 parts. 



He had original views as to the nature of 

 many characters in drama, such as Hamlet and 

 Othello, whom he impersonated as vicious and 

 unprincipled men. This attitude led to harsh 

 criticism both in America and England, but the 

 powerful effect of his work was never disputed. 



