SAN BERNARDINO 



SAND 



tie was retaken by the Texans. San Antonio 

 has been a military station for troops since 

 the close of the Mexican difficulties, save during 

 the War of Secession. An arsenal for the 

 manufacture and storage of ammunition is also 

 located here. In 1878 the first railroad was 

 built to the city and since that time its growth 

 has been remarkable. In 1913 the commission 

 form of government was adopted, providing for 

 a mayor and three commissioners. J.B.C. 



SAN BERNARDINO, bcr nahr dc ' no, CAL., 

 the county seat of San Bernardino County, 

 situated in the southwestern part of the state. 

 M\ty miles east of Los Angeles and 125 miles 

 northeast of San Diego. It is on the Southern 

 Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and 

 the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake rail- 

 roads, and has electric interurban service. In 

 1910 the population was 12,779; in 1916 it was 

 16,945 (Federal estimate). The area of the 

 :s nearly seven square miles. 



San Bernardino is situated in a beautiful 

 valley of the San Bernardino Mountains, and 

 its abundant, semitropical vegetation is de- 

 lightfully green and refreshing in contrast with 

 the stunted growths of the great Colorado 

 Desert, which reaches nearly to the city. It 

 is in the California orange belt; in the sur- 

 rounding region are also grown plentiful crops 

 of lemons, grapes, apples, hay and alfalfa. The 

 city has an important wholesale trade, mining 

 and stock-raising interests, and foundries and 

 machine shops, the railroad shops of the Santa 

 Fe, which employ from 1,200 to 1,500 men, box 

 factories, artificial stoneworks, and an exten- 

 sive pre-cooling plant. 



The city contains a fine courthouse, a Car- 

 negie Library, Y. M. C. A. building and a 

 $275,000 polytechnic high school. There are 

 two attractive parks, and directly east, in the 

 San Bernardino National Forest, are many lake 

 resorts. San Bernardino was founded by Mor- 

 mons in 1851, on the site of an earlier mission 

 of that name, and became a city in 1860. 



SAND consists of fine particles of quartz and 

 feldspar, mixed loosely in a mass. When sand 

 is cemented together by some other mineral it 

 forms sandstone. Most sand has been formed 

 by the wearing away of rock, and it is still 

 being formed wherever the waves of the sea 

 or any other large body of water are coming in 

 contact with sand-bearing rock. Many miles of 

 ocean beaches are covered with sand, and in 

 some localities, such as Dune Park in Indiana 

 and along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, 

 there are series of sand hills which look like 



small mountains. Some sands contain the ores, 

 iron, gold, and platinum, and other metals are 

 occasionally obtained from sand in paying 

 quantities. Sand is used in the manufacture of 

 glass, in making mortar for bricklaying and for 

 filters. 



Related Subjects. For information that will 

 be of Interest In this connection, the reader may 

 consult the following articles in these volumes : 

 Dune Quartz 



Feldspar Sandstone 



Glass Soil 



SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876), a French novel- 

 ist, whose real name was ARMANTINE LUCILE 

 AURORE DUPIN DUDEVANT, was born at Paris. 

 Her father was a French officer and her early 

 childhood was spent among the rough soldiers 

 of his regiment. Strictly speaking, she re- 

 ceived no education. Between her eighth and 

 fourteenth years she lived in the country near 

 Nohant, France, and learned a little of litera- 

 ture, Latin and Italian. In 1822 she married a 

 country squire, M. Dudevant, and lived an 

 uncomfortable life for nine years, but separated 

 from him in 1831, partly because of his habit.-. 

 but far more because of the wide difference in 

 their tastes and intellectual abilities. She pave 

 him practically her entire fortune and received 

 in return a yearly allowance of six hundred 

 dollars, gladly choosing freedom at such a sacri- 

 fice; then she went to Paris, where she began 

 to write for the Figaro. There she met Jules 

 Sandeau, lived with him some years, and they 

 collaborated in the writing of her early books. 

 The couple used the pen name Jules Sand, 

 but when she wrote her first novel, Indiana, in- 

 dependently, she changed the pen name to 

 GEORGE SAND. 



Indiana caused much excitement and numer- 

 ous literary and legal discussions because of its 

 arguments against the continuance of marria.m' 

 vows after affection is dead. George Sand fully 

 lived up to her doctrines of freedom, and 

 passed with surprising quickness from one lover 

 to another. In spite of her many courtships 

 she found time to write methodically and rap- 

 idly, with the result that of all women authors 

 she was the most prolific. 



Her work may be divided into five periods. 

 Previous to 1836 she wrote such novels as Lclia, 

 Jacques, Andre and Metclle, dealing with mis- 

 placed love and with herself idealized as the 

 heroine. Then, in the second period, from 1836 

 to 1840, she became interested in socialism and 

 produced such stories of ideal government as 

 Mauprat, The Seven Strings of the Lyre and 



