SAN JOSE SCALE 



5195 



SAN LUIS POTOSI 



are mineral springs and a municipal natatorium. 

 The famous Lick Observatory (which see) is 

 on the summit of Mount Hamilton, twenty-five 

 miles by road east of the city. 



The chief of the varied and abundant crops 

 of the fertile Santa Clara Valley are prunes, 

 apricots, peaches, cherries, grapes, olives, wheat 

 and barley. The city has fruit-packing and 

 shipping establishments, fruit-canning and dry- 

 ing plants, foundries and machine shops, mar- 

 ble-cutting works and manufactories of baskets 

 and boxes, leather and wine and malt liquors. 

 The value of fruit annually exported is about 

 $15,000,000. 



Spaniards founded the pueblo of San Jose 

 (Saint Joseph) in 1777, and twenty years Inter 

 the mission of San Jose was built. It came 

 into possession of the United States in 1846 

 and from 1849 to 1851 was the capital of Cali- 

 fornia. The city suffered from shock and fire 

 at the time of the great San Francisco disaster 

 in 1906. J.T.B. 



Consult Mars's Reminiscences of Santa Clara 

 Vallfj/ and San Jose. 



SAN JOSE, hosa', SCALE, the most de- 

 structive of the scale insects, commonly found 

 on shrubs and fruit trees throughout the United 

 States. The pest takes its name from that of 

 San Jose, Cal., where it was discovered in 1880. 

 It was believed to have been introduced on 

 trees brought from China. The insect was not 

 found east of the Rocky Mountains until three 

 years after it was discovered in California, but 

 by 1895 it had become widespread throughout 

 the orchards of the Eastern states. At that 

 time several of the European governments and 

 those of Canada and South Africa prohibited 

 the importation of fruits and plants from the 

 United States to prevent the introduction of 

 the insect. 



The smaller an insect enemy, the more dan- 

 gerous it is, because it is not discovered until 

 it has made great headway. The San Jose" 

 scale is difficult to fight because of its minute 

 and its amazingly rapid reproduction. The 

 largest insects are not larger than the head of 

 a pin, and it has been estimated that one fe- 

 male scale may produce over 3,216.080,000 

 young insects a year. The branches of infected 

 tree* are literally powdered with their minute 

 bodies, and as they exude a gray, scaly wax, 

 the plants look as if con t- ishes. 



The danger of the pest is increased by tin 

 great number of its food plants, which include 

 orchard and small fruits, the members of 

 rose family, the pecan, the English walnut 



elm and other trees. The fruits of infected- 

 apple and pear frees show a reddish discolora- 

 tion of the skin and are often rough, pitted 

 and distorted in shape, or cracked. A full- 

 grown apple tree may resist these insects for 

 several years, but a young peach tree is often 

 killed in two seasons. 



The pest is spread by infected nursery stock ; 

 the scales are scattered by the wind and are 

 carried on the feet of birds and flying insects. 

 The Chinese ladybird beetle is a natural enemy 

 of the pest, and the chalcidid fly destroys the 

 adult scales. A mixture of lime, sulphur and 

 salt, known as "California wash;" whale oil or 

 fish oil soap containing potash lye; kerosene 

 soap or crude petroleum, and hydrocyanic acid 

 gas are used to destroy the insects. L.B. 



Consult Farmers' Bulletin No. 650, United States 

 Department of Agriculture ; Johnson's Fumiga- 

 tion Methods. 



SAN JUAN, hioahn, the capital, largest city 

 and chief seaport of Porto Rico. It is situated 

 on a coral islet off the northern coast of the 

 main island, the two being connected by the 

 Bridge of San Antonio and a fortified causeway. 

 Picturesque walls, 250 years old, surround the 

 city, and the Morro Castle occupies a promon- 

 tory on the western end. The deep bay be- 

 tween the city and the mainland provides one 

 of the best harbors in the West Indies. San 

 Juan was the seat of the Spanish provincial 

 government, and has numerous fine buildings, 

 including the customhouse, city hall, a cathe- 

 dral, a large Dominican convent, a $100,000 

 Carnegie Library, a military hospital and bar- 

 racks. The city is an important center of to- 

 bacco manufacture. The fortifications of San 

 Juan were bombarded by the United States 

 fleet under Admiral Sampson in May, 1898. 

 Population, 1916, 48,716 (Federal estim 

 See PORTO Rico. 



SANKEY, sang'ki, IRA D. (1840-1908), a 

 gospel singer whose career was linked with that 

 of Dwight L. Moody (which see). 



SAN LUIS POTOSI, sahn looccs' potohsc, 

 a beautiful city in Mexico, the capital of the 

 state of the same name. In population it ranks 

 fourth among the cities of the republic, being 

 surpassed by Mexico City. Purbla and Guada- 

 lajara. It is the seat of a United States consul. 

 Almost hidden by luxuriant pardons, San Luis 

 Potosi is situated on a plateau 6.200 fret above 

 sea level, about 215 mile? northwest of the City 

 of Mexico. Many beautiful plazas, a magnifi- 

 cent cathedral and him MK- buildings 

 ornament the city, Originally it became impor- 



