SAN MARINO 



5196 



SAN SALVADOR 



tant through the famous silver mines of San 

 Pedro, in the vicinity, but these have been 

 practically abandoned. At the present time the 

 city has a good trade in pottery, mineral prod- 

 ucts and hides, and manufactures furniture, 

 woolen goods, flour, soap, cigars and other com- 

 modities. The place was a center of the revo- 

 lutionary disturbance beginning in 1910, and 

 was captured by the Constitutionalists in 1914 

 (see MEXICO, subtitle Government and His- 

 tory). Population in 1914, 82,946. 



SAN MARINO, sahn mahre'no, the oldest 

 republic in Europe and one of the smallest na- 

 tions in the world . is situated in a mountainous 

 district of Northeastern Italy, about twelve 

 miles southwest of the port of Rimini, on the 



LOCATION MAP 



The small black area in the east is the little 

 republic. 



Adriatic Sea. It has an area of about thirty- 

 eight square miles, and it is said a cannon in 

 the capital cannot be used to salute distin- 

 guished visitors for fear of committing an act 

 of violence against its neighbor state, for the 

 projectile might fall outside its boundaries. 

 The capital, also known as San Marino, is situ- 

 ated at the summit of Monte Titano, about 

 2,650 feet above the sea. It is a small, old- 

 fashioned town, whose streets, paved with flag- 

 stones, are so narrow and crooked that vehicles 

 of any kind are used but little. The build- 

 ings as well as the customs of the town have 

 remained almost unchanged since medieval 

 times. In the public square, the social center 

 of the town, are great cisterns filled with rain 

 water, the only source of water supply. The 

 chief occupations of the people are the raising 

 of cattle and the making of wine. Stone is 

 exported. The little republic issues its own 

 postage stamps and copper coins. 



The legislative assembly of the republic is a 

 Great Council of sixty members, elected by 

 popular vote. Every six, months two executive 

 officers, called Regents, are selected from the 

 council members, and a smaller executive. coun- 

 cil of twelve members is chosen from their 

 number every year. The republic has no pub- 

 lic debt. A treaty of friendship, negotiated 

 with Italy in 1907, was renewed in 1914, and 

 San Marino followed Italy in declaring war 

 against Germany in the War of the Nations 

 (which see). The town of San Marino has been 

 in existence since the fourth century. Pope 

 Urban VIII formally acknowledged the inde- 

 pendence of the state in 1631. Population of 

 the republic in 1910, 10,489. M.W. 



SAN MARTIN, sahn mahrtecn', JOSE DE 

 (1778-1850), a distinguished general and cham- 

 pion of South American independence, one of 

 the most prominent figures in the wars which 

 freed the countries of South America from the 

 power of Spain. He was born in Argentina but 

 educated in Spain, where he had his first taste 

 of military service in a war with France. On 

 hearing that the Spanish colonies in South 

 America had rebelled, he hurried to Buenos 

 Aires, organized the famous Mounted Grena- 

 diers, and was given command of a large di- 

 vision of the patriot forces. In Chile he scored 

 two brilliant victories over the Spanish army, 

 at Chacabuco (1817) and Maipo (1818), which 

 brought about Chilean independence. 



Later he helped the Peruvians to win their 

 liberty, and in 1821 was made Protector of 

 Peru. He used his authority to accomplish 

 some important reforms, both educational and 

 political; but in the following year, although 

 the idol of the people, he gave up the dictator- 

 ship to Simon Bolivar (which see) and left se- 

 cretly for Europe. He later revisited his native 

 country to find the republics warring among 

 themselves, and as he had sworn never to fight 

 in a civil war he immediately returned to 

 France. There he lived quietly and almost in 

 poverty until his death. L.M.H. 



SAN SALVADOR, sahn sahl va dohr' , the 

 capital of the republic of Salvador, in Central 

 America, was almost wholly destroyed in June, 

 1917, by an earthquake and volcanic eruption. 

 The site of the city is in a pleasant valley 

 twenty-five miles from the Pacific Ocean. This 

 region has for centuries been subject to quakes, 

 for in the vicinity there are eleven great vol- 

 canoes. San Salvador was twice destroyed 

 previous to 1917 in 1854 and in 1873. Each 

 time the people rebuilt their city, and after the 



