SAO FRANCISCO 



5203 



SAP 



SAO FRANCISCO, souN JrahN seesh' koo, or 

 SAN FRANCISCO, a river of Eastern Brazil. 

 It rises in the state of Minas Geraes and flows 

 northeast, then eastward, forming the boundary 

 between the state of Bahia and Pernambuco; 

 it then turns to the southeast, finding an outlet 

 in the Atlantic Ocean I r 800 miles from its 

 source. Navigation on this great river is in- 

 terrupted in several sections. As it leaves the 

 mountains in Minas Geraes it plunges over falls 

 and rapids; for 1,000 miles of its middle course 

 it i.s a broad, navigable stream, but 200 miles 

 from the Atlantic it again becomes turbulent, 

 for it makes its way over a series of rapids and 

 a magnificent cataract called the "Niagara of 

 Brazil." Beyond this the river valley becomes 

 a deep, narrow canyon, and ocean ships can 

 navigate only the last 135 miles of the stream. 

 Transportation along the unnavigable portions 

 of the river is by railroad. 



SAONE, sohn, a river in the east of France, 

 rising in the Faucilles Mountains, in the de- 

 partment of Vosges. It is the most important 

 branch of the Rhone, which it joins at Lyons. 

 Chalon-sur-Saone, the second largest industrial 

 city of Burgundy, is also on its banks. The 

 Saone is 300 miles in length, and is navigable 

 for light vessels for 232 miles. It is connected 

 with the Seine, the Meuse, the Moselle, the 

 Loire and the Rhine by canals. The ancient 

 Celtic name of the river was Arar. 



SAO PAULO, souN pou'loh, third in size 

 of South American cities, ranking next to 

 Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. It is one of 

 Brazil's most rapidly-growing and prosperous 

 communities, and has the reputation of being 

 one of the cleanest cities in the two Americas. 

 No city in the New World is better built or 

 provided with more beautiful public buildings 

 or more attrac lined avenues. Situated 



just at the boundary between the tropics and 

 >outh temperate zone, twenty-five miles in 

 a direct line from the sea and nearly 3,000 feet 

 above it, Sao Paulo is as well suited for the 

 residence of white men as any spot in South 

 America. 



The city owes its progress to the wealth of 

 the great state of the same name, of which it is 

 capital. From this state is shipped more 

 than half the world's coffee, through the port 

 of Santos, twc : l< s Mmthcast (see SAN- 



TOS). The city of Sao Paulo is the railway < 



<>f the state, and has railway c. 

 with its port, with Rio Janeiro on the north- 

 east, Buenos Aires on the southwest and 

 vast interior states of Matto Groaso, Goyat and 



Minas Geraes. A map of the new railroad to 

 Matto Grosso, which opens a very rich ter- 

 ritory for the merchants and manufacturers of 

 Sao Paulo, appears in the article BRAZIL. Be- 

 cause of the territory which the city serves, it 

 is already the greatest manufacturing center in 

 Brazil. 



Though Sao Paulo was founded in 1554, it 

 was the home of only 23,000 people in 1872. 

 Between 1890, when its number was only 65,000, 

 and 1893, the population doubled; in 1911 it 

 was 450,000. 



SAP, in botany, a juice that circulates in 

 plants as blood does in animals. Sap is some- 

 times called the "blood of the plant." As the 

 animal has impure and pure blood, so does the 

 plant have crude and eleborotcd sap. The 

 crude sap consists of water in which are dis- 

 solved the elements of plant food taken in 

 from the soil by the roots. The elaborated sap 

 contains this food and other elements of nutri- 

 tion received from the atmosphere in a digested 

 state ready to nourish the plant. 



Circulation of Sap. The crude sap is taken 

 up by the roots, and it ascends to the branches 

 and leaves. In the leaves it loses a great part 

 of its water, which passes into the air. In the 

 cell of the leaf, under the action of sunlight. 

 the food elements taken in by the roots un- 

 dergo a change which fits them for nourishing 

 the plant. In this process the crude sap is 

 transformed into elaborated sap (see LEAVES, 

 subhead The Work of the Leaf). The elaborated 

 sap is usually thicker than the crude. It moves 

 inward from the leaves to the branches and 

 down the branches to the main stem, and down 

 that to the roots. 



The circulation of sap is most easily under- 

 stood by studying it in a tree. The trunk of 

 a tree has two kinds of wood a layer of liuln 

 colored, soft wood next to the bark, known as 

 the sapwood, and a center of darker, heavier 

 wood, sometimes called the lunrtwaod. The 

 crude sap ascends through the sapwood. Tin- 

 hcartwood has ceased to grow, but in a sound 

 tree it contains more or less sap. The elabo- 

 rated sap descends between the sapwood and 

 the bark, leaving a thin coat which resembles 

 mucilage and which in due time becomes the 

 new layer of wood for the season. In somo 

 trees, particularly the willow, the hemlock and 

 the dm. tin- layrr so loosens the bark that in 

 is easily stripped from the 

 spring, boys make use of their 

 knowledge of this fact in stripping the bark 

 from willow twigs and making whistles. 



