SAPULPA 



5205 



SARATOGA 



sucker and Williamson sapsucker are species 

 found west of the Rocky Mountains. 



Sapsuckers have in general the habits of 

 woodpeckers. See WOODPECKER. 



YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER 



SAPUL'PA, OKLA., the county seat of Creek 

 County, is a rapidly-growing city in the rich oil 

 district in the northeastern part of the state. 

 The population of 8,283 in 1910 had increased 

 to 12,929 (Federal estimate) in 1916. The area 

 of the city is two and one-half square mill's. 

 It is fourteen miles southwest of Tulsa and 105 

 miles northeast of Oklahoma City, and is a 

 ion point of the Frisco Railway, which 

 branches here in three directions. 



Sapulpa, named for an old Indian resident, 

 was settled about 1894 and became a city three 

 years later. It contains tin- K idi< Indian Mis- 

 sion (supported by the government), a school 

 occupying five splendid buildings on a campus 

 of forty acres. The leading industrial estab- 

 lishments arc railroad shops and yards, im- 

 mense oil refinery, cotton gins, a cotton com- 

 press, machine shops, oil-well supply shops and 

 manufactories of mattresses, confectionery 

 gars, bricks and glass. Sapulpa adopted the 

 commission form of government in lull, and 

 thp city owns the water system. J H.C. 



SARACENS, soir'oaenz, a name applied to 

 various peoples by the European writers of the 



Middle Ages. The Mohammedans of Pales- 

 tine and Syria, the Arab Moors who set up a 

 kingdom in Spain in the eighth century, and 

 the Seljuk Turks against whom the Crusaders 

 fought were all known as Saracens. The name 

 was originally applied by the Greeks and Ro- 

 mans to wandering Arab tribes of the Syro- 

 Arabian desert, who were a disturbing element 

 along the frontiers of the Roman Empire. 



Related Subject*. In connection with this 

 article on the Saracens, the reader may consult 

 the following topics in these volumes : 

 Crusades Saladin 



Mohammedanism Seljuks 



Moors Spain, subtitle History 



SARAGOSSA, sahragos'a, a prosperous 

 commercial city in the northeastern part of 

 Spain, capital of the province of the same 

 name. It is situated on the right bank of the 

 Ebro River, 212 miles northeast of Madrid, and 

 occupies the site of an ancient town of the 

 Iberians. The name of the present city comes 

 from Caesarca Augusta, which the Emperor 

 Augustus applied to the settlement in 25 B.C., 

 when he made it a Roman colony. In respect 

 to appearance, Saragossa is said to be the old- 

 est and the newest Spanish city, for around the 

 central portion, with its crooked lanes and di- 

 lapidated houses, has been built a modern sec- 

 tion with fine, broad avenues and handsome 

 homes and buildings. There are several fine 

 churches and schools, including a university 

 founded in 1474. 



The city is important as a railroad center 

 and as a center of trade for a fertile farming 

 region. Its industrial establishments include 

 iron foundries, machine shops, flour and paper 

 mills and manufactories of glass, chemicals, 

 soap and candles. Saragossa was once the capi- 

 tal of the old kingdom of Aragon (see CASTILE 

 AND ARAGON). During (ho war with Napoleon 

 the city sustained a heroic siege (1808) ; one 

 of its defenders, the "Maid of Saragossa," fig- 

 I in Byron's poem, Childc Harold. Popula- 

 tion in 1910, 111,704. 



SARATOGA, sairatoh'ga, BATTLES OF, two 

 engagements of the Revolutionary War, fought 

 on September 19 and October 7, 1777, in the 

 vicinity of Saratoga Lake, New York. The sec- 

 ond was called by the historian Creasy one of 

 les of thoworld. These 



battles were important factors in a campaign 

 by the British, the objects of which 

 wen nquest of New York state, the 



crushing of Washington's army and the separa- 

 tion of New England from the rest of the colo- 



