SARATOGA SPRINGS 



SARATOV 



nies. Three armies, under Burgoyne, Saint Leger 

 and Lord Howe, were to meet in the neighbor- 

 hood of Albany and make a concerted effort 

 against the Americans. Burjzoyne marched from 



..la by way of Lake Champlain in May, 

 and on the thirteenth of September cm- 

 the Hudson River and took a position near 

 Bemis Heights, where an American army under 

 General ' :tioncd. On the nine- 



teenth Burjioyne advanced with a force of 4,000 

 to attack the American left, but his army was 

 intercept* -man's Farm by 3,000 sol- 



diers under Benedict Arnold, and an indecisive 

 bat?: two hours followed. Each side 



lost from 600 to 1,000 men. Because of the 

 geography of the region, this engagement has 



i called the Battle of Freeman's Farm, the 

 first Battle of Bemis Heights, the first Battle 

 of Stillwater and the first Battle of Saratoga. 

 In the meantime Saint Leger had been so 

 harassed by the Americans in the vicinity of 

 Fort Stanwix that he had retreated to Lake 

 Ontario, and Howe had been prevented by 



hington from sending reinforcements to 

 Burgoyne or cooperating with him. The lat- 



too, found that his supplies were cut off, 

 and he therefore decided to risk another battle. 

 On October 7 he led a force of 1,500 against 

 the Americans, and was defeated in a battle 

 in which Arnold took command of the colonial 

 forces. The British retreated to Saratoga 

 Heights, and there, on October 17, Burgoyne 

 surrendered to General Gates the remnant of 

 his army, about 6,000 men. B.M.W. 



Consult Creasy's Fifteen Decisive Battles of the 

 World. 



Related Subjects. The reader is referred to 

 the following articles in these volumes : 

 Arnold, Benedict Revolutionary War in 



Burgoyne, John America 



Fifteen Decisive Battles 



SARATOGA SPRINGS, N. Y., one of the 

 most popular pleasure and health resorts in 

 America, because of its curative waters, which 

 attract many visitors and are shipped to all 

 parts of the world. It is located* in Saratoga 

 County, in the east-central part of the state, 

 thirty-eight miles north of Albany, the state 

 capital, and twelve miles west of the Hudson 

 River. Transportation is provided by the Bos- 

 ton & Maine and the Delaware & Hudson 

 railroads and by electric interurban lines. In 

 1910 the population was 12,693; according to 

 the state census it was 13,821 (Federal esti- 

 mate) in 1916. The area of the city exceeds 

 three square miles. 



There arc between forty and fifty natural 

 springs distributed in three groups, one in the 

 city, one about a mile north and another the 

 same distance south. Because of borings which 

 lessened the force of these springs, the st 

 in 1909, made reservations of about 340 acres 

 in the territory where they occur. The water 

 from all of the springs and wells is highly satu- 

 rated with carbonic acid pas. and its medicinal 

 qualities are due to this and other chemical 

 properties. It is especially recommended in 

 the treatment of rheumatism, indigestion and 

 heart and arterial disorders. 



The city has a number of finely-equipped 

 hotels, in which more than 20,000 guests can be 

 accommodated. It has also a large Conven- 

 tion Hall seating 5,000, a town hall, a st 

 armory, a school of arts, an Athenaeum and 

 several public libraries. In the city park, cov- 

 ering ten acres, are the Casino and the Trask 

 Memorial Fountain with its fine bronze figure, 

 The Spirit of Life, the work of Daniel Chester 

 French. There are several charitable institu- 

 tions and hospitals. Near the city is a fine race 

 course, and about four miles southeast is beau- 

 tiful Saratoga Lake, a favorite resort. The 

 bottling and shipping of the mineral water and 

 the manufacture of medicines and drug*, silk 

 gloves, furniture, paper-mill machinery and 

 foundry products are the leading industries. 



The word Saratoga is derived from the In- 

 dians and is said to mean hillside country of the 

 great water. The springs were known to the 

 Indians long before the coming of white men. 

 In the vicinity were fought several Indian bat- 

 tles, and twelve miles distant is the battle field 

 which witnessed the surrender of Burgoyne to 

 Gates, on October 17, 1777. A large district, 

 which included the springs, was ceded to the 

 Dutch by the Indians in 1684. The first set- 

 tlement was made in 1770, the first hotel built 

 in 1774, and in 1826 Saratoga Springs was in- 

 corporated as a city. 



SARATOV, or SARATOFF, sarah'tohj, the 

 capital of the Russian government (province) 

 of the same name, and one of the most impor- 

 tant cities of Eastern Russia, is picturesquely 

 situated on the heights which rise from the 

 right bank of the Volga River, 450 miles south- 

 east of Moscow. It is a well-built city, with 

 good streets, an imposing cathedral and several 

 fine public buildings. Agriculture, gardening 

 and manufacturing are the principal industries; 

 the industrial establishments include flour mills, 

 oil works, railway shops and tobacco factories. 

 An Orthodox Greek bishop and a Roman Catho- 



