SAXONY 



a school of forestry at Tharandt. Education- 

 ally the kingdom is one of the most important 

 in Germany. Leipzig has a great university 

 and a famous royal music school, and Dresden 

 is noted as an art, musical and literary center. 



SAXONY 



(a) Former kingdom of Saxony; (b) a small 

 Prussian province, bearing the same name. 



The name Saxony was originally applied to 

 a large section in Northwestern Germany in- 

 habited by the Saxons (which see), and this 

 territory was quite distinct from the modern 

 kingdom. It was late in the Middle Ages be- 

 fore the name was applied to the territory in 

 the east of Germany from which the modern 

 Saxony developed. The present limits of the 

 kingdom were defined in 1814 by the Congress 

 of Vienna, after the defeat of Napoleon at Leip- 

 zig. Saxony joined the North German Con- 

 federation at the close of the Seven Weeks' 

 War (which see), in which it was allied with 

 Austria against Prussia, and in 1871 it became 

 a member of the German Empire (see GER- 

 MANY, historical summary on pages 2478 and 

 2479). Saxony suffered more domestic priva- 

 tions than many of the other parts of the 

 German Empire in the War of the Nations. Its 

 inland position was in part responsible for its 

 unfortunate condition, but inadequate crops 

 led in no small degree to the despair of the 

 people. The new government is expected to be 

 republican in form, and a part of the greater 

 !)lic. B.M.W. 



SAXOPHONE, BOX' a John, a deep-toned 

 brass musical instrument, used with good effect 

 in military bands, but not adapted to orchestral 

 use, as the tones are not sufficiently fine and 

 sympathetic. The instrument is rarely U5< 

 solo work. Its name comes from that of 

 Adolph Sax, who i ;t in 1840. The in- 



strument is a conical tube, curved upward at 

 the bottom and having a small part turned 



SCALE INSECT 



backward at the top, where the mouthpiece 

 and a reed like that of the clarinet are fitted. 

 Twenty keys are 

 arranged on its 

 uncurved length, 

 which are ma- 

 nipulated by the first 

 three fingers of each 

 hand. Saxophone mu- 

 sic is written in the 

 treble clef. 



SCALE, in music, a 

 succession of notes ar- 

 ranged in alphabetical 

 order from a given note. 

 The simplest series is 

 the octave of eight 

 notes, or the major 

 scale, which contains 

 five whole steps and 

 two half-steps, the lat- 

 ter between three and 

 four (mi and fa) and 

 seven and eight (ti and 

 do). This scale does 

 not make use of all the 

 tones within the octave, A SAXOPHONE 

 for if all the half-steps are counted the octave 

 will be seen to contain twelve tones. A scale 

 containing all of these twelve tones is said to 

 be chromatic. Another terra often used in con- 

 nection with scale is minor; by minor scale we 

 mean one which begins on the sixth tone of the 

 major, or la. 



These various points are discussed in theae 

 volumes in the article Music, under the subheads 

 A Lesson on the Major Scale, How to Remember 

 Scales, A Lesson on the Chromatic Scale and A 

 Lesson on the Minor Scale. 



SCALE IN'SECT, or BARK LOUSE, a 

 family of insects including several species that 

 are very destructive to fruit plants. They are 

 so called because they secrete scales consisting 

 of cast skin and excreted matter. These scales, 

 which form a body covering, are sometimes 

 white and powdery and sometimes glassy or 

 shell-like. The scale insects injure plants by 

 sucking the sap. Of the 1,400 or more known 

 species, nearly 400 are found in America, but 

 in many instances they are not recognized as 

 insects by fruit growers because they ^are so 

 unlike the typical members of that class*. The 

 small black or brown spots sometimes seen on 

 oranges are scale insects, and there is one spe- 

 cies in which the females resemble small oak 



calls 



