SCHMALKALDIC LEAGUE 



523:. 



SCHOLASTICISM 



lore Museum at Berlin. He also began excava- 

 tions in 1876 on the site of ancient Mycenae 

 in Greece, and in 1877 he unearthed the five 

 tombs which, in the days of Pausanias, were 

 believed to be those of Agamemnon and his 

 companions. His published volumes include 

 Ithaca, the Peloponnesus and Troy; Trojan 

 Antiquities, and Mycenae. 



SCHMALKALDIC, shmahl kal'dik, LEAGUE, 

 a defensive alliance formed at Schmalkalden, 

 na, in 1531, for the support of religious 

 and political freedom of Protestants, and in op- 

 position to Emperor Charles V and the Roman 

 Catholic states. The League, which was origi- 

 nally composed of nine Protestant princes and 

 eleven imperial cities, was joined later by five 

 other princes and ten imperial cities. The 

 elector of Saxony and the landgrave of Hesse 

 were elected chiefs of the alliance and were 

 commissioned to manage its affairs. In a war 

 of 1546-1547 the Protestant army was forced to 

 retreat, and the imperial army subdued the 

 northern members of the League and advanced 

 into Franconia. The combined armies of Sax- 

 ony and Hesse were defeated at Miihlberg, on 

 April 24, 1547. Maurice, now elector of Sax- 

 ony, subsequently accomplished the object of 

 the League. By brilliant diplomacy and gen- 

 eralship he compelled the emperor to grant the 

 Treaty of Passau in 1552, which secured the 

 religious freedom of the Protestants. See 

 REFORMATION, THE. 



SCHNORR VON CAROLSFELD, shnohr Jon 

 kah'rohkfelt, Jrurs (1794-1872), one of a 

 group of German painters who at the begin- 

 ning of the nineteenth century endeavored to 

 revive the Christian spirit of early religious 

 art. They, like the English Pre-Raphaelite 

 school (see PRE-RAPHAELJTES), turned to the 

 early religious painters of Italy for inspira- 

 tion and guidance. Schnorr was born at Leip- 

 zig. For a while he studied at Vienna, but 

 later went to Rome, where the other German 

 painters interested in this movement had gone 

 previously. Here he distinguished himself by 

 painting a series of frescoes on the walls of the 

 Villa Massimi. In 1827 he was commissioned 

 by I. of Bavaria to paint for his new 



castle at Munich a scries of frescoes illuatra- 

 hclungcnlicd and incidents in the 

 lives of Charlemagne, Rudolph of Hapsburg, 

 and Frederick Barbarossa. In 1846 he was ap- 

 pointed professor at the Fine Arts in Dresden 

 and director of the royal picture gallery. While 

 here he designed 180 pictures to illustrate 

 narratives of the Bible, which many consider hi- 



finest work. He also executed notable stained- 

 glass windows for Saint Paul's Cathedral, Lon- 

 don, and for Glasgow Cathedral. Among his 

 associates were Cornelius, Veit and Overbeck. 

 See CORNELIUS, PETER VON. 



SCHOFIELD, sko'lccld, JOHN MCALLISTER 

 (1831-1906), an American soldier who served 

 on the Union side throughout the War of Se- 

 cession. Between 1888 and 1895 he was the 

 commanding general of the United States army. 

 He was born in Chautauqua County, New 

 York, and was graduated at West Point in 

 1853. At the outbreak of the War of Seces- 

 sion he became major of the First Missouri 

 Volunteers, and commanded in turn the Dis- 

 trict of Saint Louis, the Army of the Frontier 

 and the Army of the Ohio. In 1862 he was 

 promoted to the rank of major-general of vol- 

 unteers. During Sherman's Georgia campaign 

 and in the Battle of Franklin he rendered dis- 

 tinguished service and was bre vetted major- 

 general in the regular army in recognition of 

 his bravery. Subsequently he was sent to 

 North Carolina, where he captured Wilmington 

 and was otherwise active until the surrender of 

 Johnston. He continued in the army after the 

 war, and in 1868 was made Secretary of War, 

 to succeed Edward M. Stanton. In 1895 he 

 retired with the rank of lieutenant-general. 

 His chief published work, Forty-Six Years in 

 the Army, appeared in 1897. 



SCHOLASTICISM, skolas'tisiz'm, the phi- 

 losophy of the schools of the Middle Ages. It 

 represented an attempt to fuse the beliefs of 

 the Church with the logic of Aristotle, just re- 

 stored to Europe by the Saracens. The greatest 

 teachers of the scholastic method were those 

 of the thirteenth century, among them being 

 Albcrtus Magnus, Roger Bacon, Duns Scotus, 

 and Thomas Aquinas. The latter was known 

 as the "Angel of the Schools" and outlined the 

 whole scheme of Roman Cat hole theology in 

 his great work, Sum ma Thcologta. Thouph the 

 later scholastics busied themselves with many 

 unprofitable speculations such as "How many 

 angels can be supported on the point of a 

 needle?" the whole movement was valuable 

 in awakening the mental life of Europe from 

 the lethargy of previous centime*, and in pre- 

 paring the way for : il of classical learn- 

 ing known as the Renaissance. 



n.i.ifrd Subjcco. The following articles In 

 these volumes will make clear the references In 

 the above discussion of scholasticism: 

 Aquinas, Saint Thomas Duns Scotus, Jc 

 Aristotle Renaissance 



Bacon, Rover 



