NEW SOUTH AYALES COAL FIELDS. (.1 



but in every case they are largely made up of bands, and it is 

 a rare thing* to find a layer of clean coal of more than one foot 

 in thickness between the bands. The percentage of ash is too 

 great to allow the fuel to be exported. But though of little 

 value in New South Wales, this coal basin extends to Queens- 

 land, where, at Ipswich, thick and valuable seams are worked 

 on an extensive scale. It is not known for certain whether 

 the Ipswich measures are equivalent to the Upper or Lower 

 Clarence series, though it is probable they are the latter. 



3. Permo-Carboniferous Deposits. These are the most 

 important productive coal seams of New South Wales. They 

 cover an estimated area of 24,000 to 28,000 square miles. Prof. 

 T. AV. E. David classifies these deposits as follows in descend- 

 ing order : t 



Thickness. 



Upper or Newcastle coal measures 1200 



Dempsey series 2000 



Middle, Tomago or East Maitland coal measures . . TOO 



Upper Marine series 5000 



Lower or Greta coal-measures 130 



Lower Marine series 4800 



The upper coal-measures are well developed in the neigh- 

 bourhood of Newcastle, in the northern coal field; Bulli, in 

 the southern or Illawarra coal field; and near Lithgow, in the 

 western coal field. 



The following are the principal seams in the Upper cool- 

 measures near Newcastle in descending order: 



The Wallarah or Bulli seam about lift, thick 



The Great Northern seam about 20ft. thick 



The Fassifern seam about 24ft. thick 



The Upper Pilot seam . . . . about 7ft. thick 



The Lower Pilot seam about 10ft. thick 



The Australasian or Cardiff seam about 5ft. thick 



The Yard seam about 3ft. thick 



The Bur wood or Victoria tunnel seam from 6ft. to 8ft. thick 



The Nobbys seam from 5ft. to 6ft. thick 



The Dirty seani splits into two in places 



...-.- from 6ft. to 10ft. thick 



The Young Wallsend seam about 10ft. thick 



The Borehole seam .... from 4ft. to 23ft., usually 8 to 9ft. 



The Upper Sandgate seam about 6ift. thick 



The Lower Sandgate seam about lllft. thick 



f'Discovery of Glaciated Boulder at Base of Permo- 

 Carboniferous System, Lochinvar, N.S.W. Jour. Roy. Soc., 

 N.S.W., Vol. xxxiii. (1899), p. 154. 



