GLOSSARY. 401 



vifhere rope guides are employed, so as to prevent the cages from 

 colliding. 



Bull. See Dragbar. 



Hunt on. Horizontal timbers or steel girders placed across a shaft 

 to support cage guides, pipes, etc. 



Bye-pass. A short passage used to get past a place it is not 

 advisable to cross, e.g., a shaft. 



('f,])' tn , A small room, either on the surface or underground, e.g., 

 u lamp cabin, deputy's cabin, or stump cabin. 



Cane. A movable platform, on which men and materials are raised 

 or lowered in shafts. 



Canch.A thickness of stone necessary to be removed from top or 

 bottom, in order to make head-room or to improve the gradient of 

 the road. 



Candle-power. A sperm candle, that burns at the rate of 120 

 grains per hour. 



Canister. (1) A tin for holding blasting powder; (2) a hopper- 

 shaped truck, from which coal is discharged into coke ovens. 



Cannd coal. So-called because it burns with a bright flame like 

 a candle. 



('a iivas. A miner's name for brattice cloth. 



Carbonic dio.cide. A gas composed of one part of carbon to two 

 parts of oxygen by weight. It is the chief constituent of choke-damp. 



Carbon monoxide. A poisonous gas caused by incomplete com- 

 bustion, composed of one part of carbon and one part of oxygen. It 

 is the poisonous constituent of white-damp. 



Carbnretted hydrogen. A gas composed of one part of carbon to 

 four parts of hydrogen. It is the chief constituent of fire-damp. 



Cap. (I) The pale bluish elongation of the flame of a lamp, due 

 to the presence of fire-damp ; (2) the socket attached to the end of a 

 hoisting or hauling rope nearest to the cage or skip. 



Coppice. A horizontal stick of timber or bar of steel used for 

 supporting a weak roof. 



Cavil Lots drawn at stated periods by hewers to determine the 

 places in which they will work for the following term. 



Chain-breast machine. A coal cutting machine, so constructed that 

 a series of cutting points attached to a circulating chain work their 

 way for a certain distance under a seam ; when the limit is reached, 

 the machine is withdrawn and shifted to one side, where another cut 

 is put in. 



Chain pillar*. Pillars left to protect gangways and air courses, 

 with which they run parallel ; they are broken up into a chain of smaller 

 pillars by stentons and bords. 



Chairs. The supports on which cages rest when at the surface. 



Check-brakes. An arrangement for automatically checking the 

 speed of skip running down an incline unattached to a rope. 



Check-weighman. A man appointed and paid by the miners to 

 check the weighing by the company's representative of coal broken by 

 various parties of men. 



Cheese, weights. The circular cheese-shaped weights used to keep 

 guide ropes taut. 



Cherru coal. A coal that burns freely without fusing. 



Chidder. Slate and pyrites mixed. 



Cho1:e damp See Black damp. 



Chocks. Pieces of wood built up crossways in pairs, forming a 

 hollow column, which may be filled in Avith rock. Used for supporting 

 the roof. 



Cindered coal. A very inferior natural coke, little better than ash. 



Clay band. An argillacious iron ore, sometimes found in coal 

 measures. 



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